Drugs and Health

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Drugs and Health

• UNIT 5

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Article 18The New Drug War

• What are the pros and cons with using Canadian
  pharmacies?
• Its not just Democrats who are clamoring for
  legalization. For many of the 43 million
  Americans- including 40 of all seniors- who have
  no prescription drug insurance, Canadian prices
  are a godsend.

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Article 18The New Drug War

• Buddy Hackett
• North-American (homes on both sides of the
  border.)
• Set up a chain of Canadian internet pharmacies.
• goal is to shame the US government into forcing
  drug companies to lower their American Prices.

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• Ephedra contains two alkaloids, ephedrine and
  pseudoephedrine. Ephedrine, the main constituent,
  is a bronchodilator and stimulates the
  sympathetic nervous system. It has valuable
  antispasmodic properties, acting on the air
  passages by relieving swellings of the mucous
  membrane. Pseudoephedrine is a nasal decongestant
  and has less stimulating effect on the heart and
  blood pressure. Physicians use these alkaloids to
  treat bronchial asthma, bronchitis, emphysema,
  persistent coughs, wheezing and shortness of
  breath. Ma huang can help the body to break
  fevers and clear blocked sinuses. The alkaloids
  are also effective in treating allergic skin
  reactions such as hives, relieve general body
  pain and treat low blood pressure, rheumatism and
  narcolepsy.Because of its stimulating effect on
  the nervous system, ephedra can be found in some
  popular weight loss and energy products. For
  dieters it suppresses the appetite and stimulates
  the thyroid gland which stimulates metabolism.
  Recently ma huang has been the subject of
  scientific research for obesity because of its
  thermogenic fat-burning effect on dietary intake.
  Ephedra can cause peripheral vasoconstriction,
  elevation of blood pressure and cardiac
  stimulation, and is often combined with other
  tonic herbs to help counteract these effects.Ma
  huang is also found in "energy" products that may
  give athletes extra energy without draining their
  reserves. People also indicate an increase in
  alertness and perception. Similar to the diet
  formulas, it is often combined with ingredients
  such as kola nut or guarana which contain
  caffeine. Concerns over the potency of this herb
  and its isolated alkaloids have prompted
  increased regulatory scrutiny and industry label
  warnings. Contraindications and possible side
  effects should be listed on the bottle.
  Contraindications include general weakness, poor
  digestion, high blood pressure, nervousness,
  sleeplessness, cardiac arrhythmia's and heart
  disease. It should not be used if you are
  pregnant or nursing.

http//www.ephedrawatch.com/index.html
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Article 19Sports and Drugs

• An increasing number of competitive and
  professional athletes are finding themselves in
  hot water after testing positive for illegal
  performance-enhancing drugs. The author explores
  the controversy within competitive sports and
  examines both the benefits and dangers of illegal
  steroid use.

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Sports and Drugs

• Name the potential non-cosmetic health problems
  associated with anabolic steroid use.
• Increased Cholesterol
• Liver Tumors
• Cancer
• Hyper-aggressiveness
• Stunted Growth in Adolescents

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Article 20Just Say No Again

• D.A.R.E (Drug Abuse Resistance Education)
• Does it work?
• Who here has been through D.A.R.E.?
• What are they changing about the program?

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Article 21Dangerous Supplements Still At Large

• There are no protections that exist for
  supplements- only for prescriptions and
  over-the-counter medicines.
• Drugs Verses Supplements
• Testing for Hazards
• Disclosing Risks
• Ensuring product quality
• Reporting the problems

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Group Project

• Groups of 4
• Name a scribe for the group.
• Make sure all names are the paper.

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Group Project

• Define Addiction.
• List as many drugs as you can (prescription and
  street)

Addiction A compulsive psychological need for a
drug or behavior.
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Relative Risk of Addiction
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Next Class

• Drugs and health
• Present Drug to Class

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Individual Presentations

• DRUG RESEARCH PROJECT
• Name of the drug. (medical and street)
• Purpose of the drug
• Date of introduction for the drug
• Where is the drug manufactured
• What are the side-effects
• What is the affected population
• how many people will use the drug
• Any other competing drugs
• What are the advantages of this drug over others
• What is the cost of the drug
• Is it covered by insurance
• Questions Must Be Typed.
• Must Fit on one (1) page!
• Due 5/15

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AlcoholTrends

• Estimated 70 of Americans consume alcoholic
  beverages regularly
• 10 are heavy drinkers
• Large amounts consumed at one occasion
• 90 are light, moderate drinkers
• The most widely used and abused recreational drug
  in society

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AlcoholTrends

• The most popular drug used on college campuses
• 85 of college students use alcohol
• Binge drinking defined as five drinks in one
  episode for men and four drinks for women
• The only purpose of binge drinking is
  intoxication
• Binge drinkers are more likely to have problems

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AlcoholTrends
College Students Patterns of Alcohol Use, 1999
Why might college students be vulnerable to
alcohol abuse?
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AlcoholTrends

• Several reasons for campus alcohol problems
• Exacerbates already high risk for suicide, auto
  accidents, and falls
• College customs and traditions encourage
  dangerous practices of use
• Targeted by advertisers
• Common for students to drink recklessly and
  engage in drinking games
• Vulnerable to peer influences

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AlcoholChemical Makeup

• The intoxicating substance is ethyl alcohol
• Produced by fermentation or distillation
• Fermentation involves yeast breakdown of sugars
• Alcohol concentration of 14 kills yeast and
  halts further fermentation
• Distillation involves cooking of mash to release
  alcohol vapors
• Vapors are condensed and mixed with water
• Proof is measure of alcohol in beverage
• Twice the percentage of alcohol content
• Percentage varies per type of beverage
• Beer (2-8), wine (12-15), liquor (40)

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AlcoholPhysiological and Behavioral Effects

• Behavioral effects vary with the individual and
  the setting
• Blood alcohol concentration is the ratio of
  alcohol to total blood volume
• Used to measure the physiological and behavioral
  effects of alcohol
• Can acquire a tolerance to alcohol through
  regular use
• Greater amounts required to reach the same effects

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AlcoholPhysiological and Behavioral Effects
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AlcoholPhysiological and Behavioral Effects

• 20 of alcohol is absorbed through the lining of
  the stomach
• 80 of alcohol is absorbed through the small
  intestine
• Factors affecting absorption
• Alcohol concentration of the beverage and amount
  of consumption
• Greater consumption slows absorption by
  pylorospasm which can cause vomiting
• Amount of food in the stomach
• Food slows absorption
• Carbonation of the beverage
• Carbonation causes the pyloric valve to relax
• Mood
• Stress and tension cause the stomach to empty

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AlcoholPhysiological and Behavioral Effects

• Alcohol is metabolized in the liver
• Converted by alcohol dehydrogenase to
  acetaldehyde
• Acetaldehyde then quickly converted to carbon
  dioxide and water for excretion
• Large amounts of acetaldehyde cause
  nausea/vomiting and may cause liver damage
• Alcohol contains 7 cal/gram
• Is much like a carbohydrate
• Unused calories are stored as fat

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AlcoholPhysiological and Behavioral Effects

• BAC affected by
• Weight, body fat, and water content
• Paradox is that heavier people affected less, but
  fatter people affected more
• More water in tissues means lower alcohol
  concentration
• Alcohol concentration in the beverage
• or proof
• Rate of consumption
• Chugging or slugging
• Volume of alcoholic beverages consumed
• How much?

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AlcoholPhysiological and Behavioral Effects

• Alcohol poisoning occurs more frequently than
  realized
• Large amounts in short periods can raise levels
  quickly
• Probably cause of more toxic overdose deaths than
  any other substance
• Signs include
• Inability to be roused
• Weak, rapid pulse
• Irregular breathing
• Cool or damp, pale or bluish skin
• Call 911 immediately

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AlcoholPhysiological and Behavioral Effects

• Most dramatic effects occur within the central
  nervous system (CNS)
• Primary action is reduction of nerve transmission
  and synaptic impulses
• Decreased respiratory rate, pulse rate, and blood
  pressure
• Extreme CNS depression can result in coma and
  death

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AlcoholPhysiological and Behavioral Effects

• Alcohol is a diuretic
• Increases urination
• Water not lost from muscles or cerebral tissues,
  but from cerebrospinal fluid
• Affects mitochondrial fluid balance, thus
  cellular function
• Alcohol irritates the gastrointestinal system
• Causes heartburn and indigestion

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AlcoholPhysiological and Behavioral Effects

• Long-term Effects
• Shrinkage in brain size and weight
• Some loss of intellectual ability
• Localized mostly in left side of brain
• Language, mathematics, logic
• Memory loss
• Reduced cardiovascular disease risk
• Increase in HDL cholesterol
• Decrease in blood clotting factors, thus
  arteriosclerosis

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AlcoholPhysiological and Behavioral Effects

• Long-term Effects continued
• Cirrhosis of the liver is one of top ten causes
  of death in U.S.
• Storage of fat in liver leads to fibrosis
  (scarring of liver tissue)
• In cirrhosis, liver cells begin to die
• Repeated irritation of organs can lead to cancer
  of mouth, tongue, esophagus, stomach and liver,
  even the breast
• Can block absorption of calcium

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AlcoholPhysiological and Behavioral Effects for
Women

• Less alcohol dehydrogenase to break down alcohol
  for excretion
• Higher fat/lean tissue ratio increases
  intoxication rate
• Use during pregnancy causes physical and mental
  impairment in children
• Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) and fetal alcohol
  effects (FAE)

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AlcoholPhysiological and Behavioral Effects for
Women

• Symptoms of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
• Mental retardation
• Small head
• Tremors
• Abnormalities of face, limbs, heart and brain
• Symptoms of Fetal Alcohol Effects (occurs 3-4
  times as often as FAS)
• Low birth weight
• Irritability
• Permanent mental impairment

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AlcoholAbuse and Alcoholism

• Alcoholismuse of alcohol that interferes with
  work, school, or personal relationships or that
  entails violations of the law
• Affects all professions, geographic locations,
  religions, races
• 10 of men, 4 of women at risk
• Women are fastest growing abusers

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AlcoholAbuse and Alcoholism

• Causes of alcoholism
• Biological and Family factors
• Type 1 alcoholics had one parent who was a
  problem drinker
• Grew up in environment that encouraged heavy
  drinking
• They avoid harmful situations and are concerned
  with the thoughts and feelings of others
• Type 2 alcoholics are typically sons of alcoholic
  fathers
• Display opposite characteristics of type 1
• Do not seek social approval, lack inhibition and
  are prone to novelty-seeking and dangerous
  behavior

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AlcoholAbuse and Alcoholism

• Causes continued
• Social and Cultural factors
• A way to dull the pain of loss or
  emotional/social problems
• Becomes physically dependent on the drug
• Linked with urbanization, weak ties to extended
  family, increased mobility, and changing
  religious and philosophical values
• Contrast between those who have been raised with
  alcohol used in religious or ceremonial activity
  and those who grew up in an environment where
  alcohol was carefully controlled

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AlcoholAbuse and Alcoholism

• Talk about drinking and driving
• Do you? Why?
• Does it scare you that there are so many out
  there?
• 1.5 million arrested in 1999
• 40 of all auto accidents are alcohol related
• How was alcohol used in your family when you were
  growing up?
• Was it taboo?
• How has your experience shaped your use?

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Tobacco

• Known to be the cause of about 25 diseases
• The single most preventable cause of death in the
  U.S.
• Increase in use is due to availability and
  aggressive advertising aimed at young people
• One of top U.S. exports
• Tobacco growing states earn substantial income
• Huge source of Federal, state and local
  government tax income

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Tobacco

• Advertisers spend an estimated 18 million per
  day
• Most ads are directed toward teenagers and young
  adults
• Slim and light brands marketed toward women
• Marlboro Man type ads aimed at men

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Tobacco

• College students
• Increased use of 32 from 91-99
• Use of all products cigarettes, cigars, chew
• Tobacco using students also
• More likely to use marijuana
• Have multiple sex partners
• Earn lower grades
• Binge drink
• Rate partying above academics
• Spend more time socializing

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Tobaccos Effects

• Nicotine is the major psychoactive substance of
  tobacco
• Released into the mouth or inhaled into the lungs
• An additional 4,000 other chemical substances
  included
• This particulate matter condenses in the lungs as
  carcinogenic tar
• Nicotine and tar accumulate in the lungs to
  irritate cleansing cilia

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Tobaccos Effects

• Most dangerous part of smoke gases is carbon
  monoxide
• Same stuff given off in car exhaust
• Reduces oxygen capacity
• Smoke also irritates mucous membranes to cause
  cancer

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Tobacco Products

• Cigarettes
• Filtered and unfiltered
• Clove
• Contain higher levels of tar, nicotine, and
  carbon monoxide
• Cigars
• Tobacco wrapped in tobacco
• Contains 23 poisons and 43 carcinogens
• Even one a day increases risk of cancers

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Tobacco Products

• Bidis
• Hand-rolled and flavored
• More toxic than cigarettes
• 3 times more carbon monoxide and nicotine
• 5 times more tar
• Smokers of bidis have to pull harder to inhale
  and more often to keep it lit
• Smokeless tobacco
• Chew, snuff
• Nicotine rapidly released into blood stream
• Even more nicotine in chew than cigarettes
• 10 times the amount of carcinogens
• 50 times more likely to develop oral cancers

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Tobacco Products

• Smokeless tobacco continued
• Warning signs of oral cancers
• Lumps
• Color changes inside lips
• White, smooth, or scaly patches
• Red spots or soreness of lips, gums that does not
  heal within two weeks
• Repeated bleeding
• Difficulty swallowing or speaking

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Tobacco Effects

• Withdrawal symptoms
• Headache
• Gastrointestinal discomfort
• Sleeping problems
• Irritability
• Anxiety
• Aggressiveness
• Craving for tobacco
• Reduction in heart rate, blood pressure, and
  hormone secretions

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Tobacco Effects

• Physiological effects
• Nicotine stimulates the central nervous system
• Cerebral cortex aroused
• Production of adrenaline by adrenal glands
• Increased heart and respiratory rate
• Constricted blood vessels
• Increased blood pressure due to narrowed vessels
• Decreased blood sugar levels and hunger pangs
  (reduced appetite)

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Tobacco Effects

• Nicotine poisoning
• Dizziness
• Lightheadedness
• Rapid and erratic pulse
• Clammy skin
• Nausea and vomiting
• Diarrhea
• Tolerance begins almost immediately following
  first use
• Second or third cigarette

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Tobacco Danger

• 30 of all cancer and 85 of lung cancer caused
  by tobacco
• Lung cancer is leading cancer death
• Half of all tobacco-related deaths occur from
  cardiovascular disease
• Ages arteries 10 years
• Decreases HDL levels
• Weakens heart due to low oxygen levels
• Risk diminishes 50 after 1 year

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Tobacco Danger

• Sidestream (Secondhand) smoke has more dangerous
  chemicals than smoke that is inhaled
• Increased risk of lung cancer and heart disease
• Children under 5 are at greatest risk
• Asthma
• Chest colds
• Decreased pulmonary performance
• Miss more school (33)

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Quitting Tobacco

• A very difficult process
• Must break physical addiction to nicotine
• Must break mental/emotional/societal attachment
• 90 fail
• Nicotine replacement includes gum, patch, spray,
  inhaler

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Caffeine

• The most popular and widely consumed drug in the
  U.S.
• Derived from chemical stimulants called xanthines
• Mild stimulant to CNS
• Increases heart rate
• Increases oxygen consumption
• Increases urinary output
• Increases wakefulness

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Caffeine

• Side Effects
• Insomnia in some
• Irregular heartbeat
• Dizziness
• Nausea
• Indigestion

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Caffeine

• Caffeine Addiction
• Drink more when coming down
• Caffeinism jitters, muscle twitch
• Withdrawing may produce headaches
• No long-term damage is seen with moderate use in
  non-pregnant women

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Caffeine Questions

• What is your daily pattern of caffeine
  consumption?
• Why do you consume caffeine?
• Have you experienced any ill effects?