Goldenrod galls: An analysis of herbivory and natural enemy attack through three trophic levels'

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Goldenrod galls An analysis of herbivory and
natural enemy attack through three trophic levels.
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Goldenrod Solidago sp.
Solidago altissima
Solidago canadensis
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Gall Fly Eurosta solidaginis
Larval gall fly
Gall fly inside gall
Adult gall fly
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Wasp Eurytoma obtusiventris
larvae
Adult female
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Wasp Eurytoma gigantea
larvae
Adult female
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Beetle Mordellistena unicolor
larvae
Adult female
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Birds
Male downy woodpecker
Male black-capped chickadee
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Review of Larvae
E. solidaginis
E. obtusiventris
E. gigantea
M. unicolor
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Work Cited

• Abrahamson, Dr. Warren and Paul Heinrich.
  Bucknell University. http//www.facstaff.bucknell.
  edu/abrahmsn/solidago/main.html (October 29,
  2002).