APUSH Early Beginnings Ch' 1 and 2

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APUSHEarly Beginnings (Ch. 1 and 2)

• By M. Siebert

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Early Beginnings

• Paleo-Indians pursued giant mammals (wooly
  mammoths and mastodons) across Beringia. This
  was possible because of the colder climate
  Beringia is now submerged beneath the Bering Sea.
• 1st migrants were approx. 15 20,000 yrs ago.
  Some studies argue over 30,000 40,000yrs ago.
• Due to rapid population growth and change in
  climate (water filled areas became arid
  territories due to the increase in global
  temperature), led to the eradication of the
  mammoths and mastodons, camels, and horses.
  Horses were reintroduced by the Spanish in 1547.
• Agricultural Revolution Approx. 5,000 yrs ago
  Indian people in the Mexico region developed the
  knowledge to cultivate crops such as maize
  (corn), squash, and beans. Led to less reliance
  on hunting and gathering provided more
  stability.

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Diverse Cultures

• Anasazi (ancestors of the Pueblo) Chaco Canyon
  was connected to over 70 villages by highways
  that were over 100 miles long.
• Adena and Hopewell Ohio and Mississippi
  Valleys. They built large ceremonial mounds.
  Cahokia (ceremonial site in IL) represented
  greatest achievement of Mississippian people.
  Covered almost 20 acres and supported approx.
  20,000 people.
• Chaco Canyon and Cahokia were abandoned shortly
  before the Europeans arrived. Possible reasons
  climate change, population growth diminishing
  food supply, chronic social warfare
• Mayan and Toltec (Aztecs) Central Mexico.
  Built vast cities that were very advanced.
  Conquered by the Spanish in the 1500s.
  Tenochtitlan had 250,000 inhabitants in 1519.
• Algonquian (Powhatan, Narragansett, Creeks, etc)
  Scattered communities along the Atlantic coast.
  Fishing, hunting and crops.

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Cahokia 1150 AD
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Tenochtitlan (Mexico City) in 1500s
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What Encouraged European Exploration?

• Europe became more prosperous increase in
  population and economic security created new
  incentives for exploration and trade.
• Renaissance encouraged bold new creative
  thinking.
• The centralization of political authority
  (stronger Nation-States). For instance Ferdinand
  of Aragon married Isabelle of Castille. The
  marriage merged two nations and made much
  stronger state. The stronger state generated
  more financial and military stability.
• Technical knowledge The invention of printing
  helped spread knowledge of new geographic
  findings.

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3 Worlds Meet The Impact

• Prior to Columbus Eric the Red encountered
  Greenland (984). A few yrs later, his son Leif
  founded Vinland in Newfoundland. Hostility of
  Native Americans, poor lines of communication,
  climatic cooling, and political upheavals in
  Scandinavia made maintenance of these distant
  outposts impossible. Columbus was unaware of
  these earlier exploits.
• Native Americans decimated by small pox, measles,
  and influenza. Also many harmed by alcoholism.
  Some tribes lost 90 95 of their people. The
  Caribs (from the Caribbean) were virtually
  extinct after 1 generation.

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3 Worlds Meet The Impact Continued

• Colombian Exchange (corn, squash, potatoes,
  tomatoes, peppers, sugar, bananas, pineapples to
  Europe Cows, horses, sheep, pig to Americas)
• Decimation of Indian population led European
  settlers to seek slaves from Africa
• Portuguese developed more sophisticated
  ships/caravels, which allowed the exploration of
  Sub-Sahara Africa for Gold and Slaves. (This
  took place before demand in the Americas for
  slaves)

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The Columbian Exchange
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Caravel
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Jamestown

• Laborers in the Virginia colony are often
  referred to as lazy. 1 or 2 would work, while
  others just sat around and watched. Then they
  would help for an hour or two. It was cultural
  b/c it is what they were used to in England.
• 1608 John Smith took control and helped the
  colony. When he returned to England in 1609 due
  to a gunpowder accident, the colony suffered.
• During the starving time (winter of 1609 1610),
  some colonists became cannibals. 1 man ate his
  wife, but then was sentenced to death.
• Lord de La Warr arrived in 1610, which led to an
  increase in tension with the Native Americans.

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TheLondonCompany,1606
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Chesapeake Bay
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JamestownSettlement1600s
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Jamestown Continued

• The first women arrived in 1608, but b/c they
  were recruiting male workers, men outnumbered
  women by as much as 6 to 1. Such gender
  imbalance meant that even if a male servant lived
  to the end of his indenture, which was
  unrealistic, he couldnt expect to start a family
  of his own.
• The death rate was extremely high in VA compared
  to New England. In 1618, the population was 700.
  The company sent at least 3,000 more people.
  But by 1622, only 1240 were still alive.
• The major killers were contagious diseases, salt
  in the water and 347 were killed in the
  Anglo-Powhatan war (surprise attack by the
  Powhatans).
• In 1624, King Charles dissolved the bankrupt
  Virginia Company. Virginia was transformed into
  a royal colony.

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Jamestown Housing
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Captain John Smith
There was no talkbut dig gold, wash gold, refine
gold, load gold
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English Migration 1610-1660
Headright System
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Why Was There Such High Mortality?

• POPULATION
• 1607 104 colonists
• By spring, 1608 38 survived
• 1609 300 more immigrants
• By spring, 1610 60 survived
• 1610 1624 10,000 immigrants
• 1624 population 1,200
• Adult life expectancy 40 years
• Death of children before age 5 80

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John Rolfe
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Tobacco Plant
Virginias gold and silver. -- John
Rolfe, 1612
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Early Colonial Tobacco
1618 Virginia produces 20,000 pounds of
tobacco. 1622 Despite losing nearly
one-third of its colonists in an
Indian attack, Virginia produces
60,000 pounds of tobacco. 1627 Virginia
produces 500,000 pounds of
tobacco. 1629 Virginia produces 1,500,000
pounds of tobacco.
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Tobacco Prices 1618-1710
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Indentured Servitude

• Headright System
• Each Virginian got 50 acres for each person whose
  passage they paid

• Indenture Contract
• 5-7 years.
• Promised freedom dues land,
• Forbidden to marry.
• 1610-1614 only 1 in 10 outlived their
  indentured contracts!

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Chief Powhatan
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Pocahontas
A 1616 engraving
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Powhatan Confederacy
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Why was 1619 a pivotal year for the Chesapeake
settlement?
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VirginiaHouse of Burgesses
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17c Populationin the Chesapeake
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Population of Chesapeake Colonies 1610-1750
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Maryland

• Sir George Calvert Lord Baltimore, decided in
  1625 to publicly declare his Catholicism. This
  forced him to resign from office.
• His son, Cecilius (the second Lord Baltimore) was
  granted a charter for a colony to be located
  north of Virginia.
• The boundaries of the settlement were named
  Maryland in honor of Charless queen.
• The colony drew in both Protestants and
  Catholics. The 2 groups may have lived in
  harmony if civil war had not broke out in
  England. Cromwell and the Puritan faction
  executed Charles (Charles took up arms against
  the supporters of Parliament), which transformed
  Europe into a republic. This led to the Act of
  Toleration put in place in Maryland.
• Local Puritans seized the colonys government.
  They promptly repealed the Act of Toleration.

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George Calvert, Lord Baltimore
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Changes in England that impacted Colonies

• In 1660 Cromwell died from natural causes. The
  Stuarts returned to the English throne. During
  this period known as Restoration, neither Charles
  II nor James II (both sons of Charles I) was able
  to establish political stability.
• In 1688 James II (known to be an authoritarian)
  lifted some of the restrictions governing the
  Catholics. A Protestant nation rose up in what
  the English people called the Glorious Revolution
  (1688) and sent James into permanent exile.
• The Glorious Revolution resulted in less
  authority in the King. The King could no longer
  make decisions without Parliament. This directly
  impacted the course of political history not only
  in England, but in the American colonies as well.

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What was the impact of Spanish Exploration?
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Proposition Statement Chapter 1

• Because the Native Americans
• were not making the best use of
• the land, the Europeans had every
• right to settle North America.

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Proposition Statement Chapter 2

• The Iroquois were more civilized
• than their European conquerors.