Long Term Memory

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Long Term Memory

• Scott Betournay

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What is Long Term Memory?

• Long term memory is very large!
• It is robust.
• Information can be encoded, stored, and retrieved.

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Initiation of a Long Term Memory Sensory
Reception
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Pathway to Working Memory

• Epinephrine
• Norepinephrine

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The Diencephalon is
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Pathway to Working Memory
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Pathway to Long Term Memory
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Types of Long Term Memory

• Procedural memory for skills and procedure

• Declarative memory for facts!

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Declarative Memory Is Further Broken Down

• Semantic words, concepts, information that can
  be described and applied

• Episodic personal experiences and events

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Why Mention These Types of Long Term Memory?

• Different types of memory are encoded in
  different ways.
• Episodic Memory is stored much easier than
  semantic.
• Some people have lost the function of a certain
  type of Long Term Memory.

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Amnesia

• Anterograde patient is unable to recall events
  occurring after the onset of brain damage
• Retrograde memories are lost from before the
  onset of amnesia
• Patient H. M. severed hippocampus and amygdala
  caused anterograde amnesia

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Redefining the Procedural Memory Pathway

• The hippocampus is not needed to process
  Procedural Memories.

• Long-term procedural memories are stored in the
  basal ganglia, cerebellum and motor cortices

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Cellular Mechanisms of Long Term Memory

• Strengthen existing synapses.
• Create new synapses.
• Grow new neurons
• Strong evidence from primate studies (Gould et al
  (1999).

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Long Term PotentiationA Molecular Mechanism for
Memory

• Changes in the structure of neurons due to
  increased use.
• Cuses both the pre and post-synaptic neuron to
  become more efficient.

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Long Term Potentiation
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References

• Barsalou L. Cognitive Psychology. Lawrence
  Erlbaum Associates, NJ. 1992
• Beatty J. The Human Brain. Sage Publications,
  Inc. 2001
• http//www.humboldt.edu/morgan/skil_s01.htm
• http//www.ipd.hk-r.se/bai/iea329/CognitivTheory/s
  ld002.htm
• http//psych.fullerton.edu/swillis/ltp.html
• http//undergrad.ahs.uwaterloo.ca/kin356/ltm/ltm.h
  tm
• Jensen E. Brain Based Learning. The Brain Store.
  San Diego CA. 2000
• Kandel E et al. Essentials of Neural Science and
  Behavior. Appleton Lange, CT. 1995

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References

• Marieb E. N. Human Anatomy and Physiology.
  Benjamin Cummings. 2001
• Tulving E, Craik F ed. The Oxford Handbook of
  Memory. Markowitsch H. Neuroanatomy of Memory
  Oxford University Press 2000
• Sharp P. Brain Mechanisms of Perception and
  Memory. The Role of the Hippocampus in Learning
  and Memory Oxford University Press, New York.
  1993
• Wolfe P. Brain Matters. Association for
  Supervision and Curriculum Development.
  Alexandria, VA. 2001

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How do we encode information into Long Term
Memory?

• The more we process information, the better it is
  remembered.
• The longer we are exposed to information, the
  better we remember it.
• The more we rehearse a piece of information, the
  higher its probability of being remembered

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Rehearsal

• Elaborative rehearsal processing and mental
  energy devoted to rehearsing information.
• Maintenance rehearsal devoting just enough
  mental resource to keep information from being
  lost

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Elaboration

• The way in which we process stimuli influences
  our ability to encode.
• Intention, in and of itself does not help us
  learn.
• Depth of processing, or thinking about what we
  learn, improves our ability to encode information.

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Generation of Information

• We remember best the information that we generate
  ourselves. (could give example here)

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Imagery

• If we can visualize and picture a concept, then
  we are likely to remember it better. (This is
  why abstract concepts are difficult to remember)

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Organization

• Memory for information improves when we have
  knowledge to organize it
• Hierarchical organization is particularly useful
  for remembering large amounts of information.

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How is Memory Studied?

• Human patients with brain structural
  abnormalities
• Disease
• Injuries
• Animal models to study causation
• MRI, CAT, PET scans