While%20Mass%20Spectroscopy%20is%20not%20covered%20in%20our%20texts,%20other%20mass/density%20dependent%20technologies%20including%20X-ray%20Spectroscopy,%20Gamma%20Spectroscopy,%20

1
While Mass Spectroscopy is not covered in our
texts, other mass/density dependent technologies
including X-ray Spectroscopy, Gamma Spectroscopy,
Ultrasound Analysis are covered in Guy
ffytche, An Introduction to The Principles of
Medical Imaging, Imperial College Press, 2000,
Chapters 4,5 7. Other coverage is also found
in Shung, Chapters 1, X-ray, 2, Ultrasound, in
Shung, Smith, Tsui, Principles of Medical
Imaging, Academic Press, 1992.
2
Here a collimated beam of X-rays generated by a
radioactive or electronically excited filament
source is used to probe the density of objects
placed between the source a detector (film,
fluorescent screen, storage phosphor, photodiode
array). Absorbance of the x-ray energy by the
medium or reflection or refraction of the beam
will alter the exposure of the detector.
Distance of the detector from the source will
limit detector exposure, so object thickness
decreases beam strength automatically. Internal
reflections fuzz the sample image. Imaging
improvements help correct such abberation.
Reconstruction of images requires Fourier
triangulation deconvolution as in MRI.
Heavy atoms yield higher X- ray absorbances than
light atoms so they can be used as opaque markers
or contrast agents.
3
www.computingcases.org/.../ Software_Design.html
http//rst.gsfc.nasa.gov/Intro/Part2_26b.html
4
Principles of Radiography www.kodak.com/.../kpro/
radiography/ W37_03.shtml http//learntech.uwe.ac.
uk/radiography/RScience/imaging_principles_d/diagi
mage1.htm www.thejcdp.com/.../williamson/
03williamson.htm
Atomic physics principles www.hmi.de/people/schiw
ietz/ links.html
History of radiology www.xray.hmc.psu.edu/
rci/ss9/ss9_15.html
Digital X-ray background www.gemedicalsystems.com
/.../ dig_xray_intro.html
Medical Imaging www.csmt.ewu.edu/csmt/phys/
bhouser/medim.htm www.qdixray.com.au/
GeneralXray.htm astro.ocis.temple.edu/.../
PrinRad1.htm
X-ray crystallographic technology www.chemistry.u
csc.edu/.../ chem200a/schedule.html
5
sharp-world.com/corporate/ news/030930-2.html
6
Calibration for accuracy, sensitivity, precision
specificity requires examination of phantoms,
objects, or crystals with known composition,
architecture structure. Imaging may be limited
by the amount of time a subject can be exposed
without doing damage by exposing them/it to x-ray
bombardment. Most modern techniques have
attempted to minimize exposures by maximizing the
information collected in a given time. Flat
panel electronics digitizing approaches have
helped as have the use of highly dense contrast
agents. But computer analysis of image data
combined with Fourier transform techniques have
greatly speeded the process made it safer. It
is now possible to do computed tomographic
imaging to high resolutions.
7
www.aps.anl.gov/ald/grafgal2/ digital/reserch.htm
X-ray Contrast Media http//www.xray2000.f9.co.uk
/Site3/contrast_media/contrast_media_introduction.
htm www.amershamhealth.com/medcyclopaedia/
Volume...
8
www.ferringfertility.com/.../ uterine.htm
9
Computed Tomography rst.gsfc.nasa.gov/Intro/
Part2_26c.html
Radiology Ultrasonography links www.nyerrn.com/
x/xray.htm
10
This method uses piezoelectric transducers to
produce ultrasonic pulses that reflect refract
off structures in the beam path. The amount of
wave energy absorption, the reflection angles,
the distance from the transducer to the tissue
back to the probe determine the amount location
of the energy delivered back to the probe. The
perceived energy direction is delivered to the
instrument electronics displayed as an image.
Soft tissues with contrasting contents of water
fat are well imaged by this technique.
Contrast agents for ultrasound incorporate small
bubbles that introduce air (gas) into the imaged
system.
11
Ultrasound Basics Theory http//www.drgdiaz.com
/intro.shtml www.cyberphysics.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk
/ topics/... www.stfx.ca/.../teachersworkshops/
sld038.htm
Ultrasound in obstetrics www.ob-ultrasound.net/
Ultrasonography in ophthalmology www.jhu.edu/wctb/
coms/ patient/echo/echo.htm
12
Carotid Artery Plaque and 3D Ultrasound
Ulf Schminke, MD Christof Kessler, MD Lillian
Motsch, MD Lutz Hilker, MD Neurosonology Lab,
Dept. of Neurology, Ernst Moritz Arndt University
Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
13
A simple quiz mark.asci.ncsu.edu/.../rtu/
rtuquiz/rtuquizc.htm
3D Reconstruction validation www.fac.org.ar/...
/stroke/ schminke/sld004.htm
Ultrasonography of the thyroid http//www.thyroid
manager.org/FunctionTests/ultra-frame.htm
Ultrasound contrast agents www.ultrasonic.meng.uc
l.ac.uk/ mbubble.html
Harmonic imaging www.medison.com/english/
pd/pd_07a.asp