chemical messenger produced by endocrine gland and transported to target organ by blood
proteins (polypeptide) - insuline
biogene amins - adrenalin
steroids - estrogens
3 Endocrine system
endocrine glands
diseminated endocrine cells
neuroendocrine cells
4 Endocrine glands
Pituitary gland (gl. pituitaria hypophysis)
Thyroid gland (glandula thyroidea)
Parathyroid gland (gll. parathyroideales)
Suprarenal gland (gll. suprarenales)
Endocrine pancreas (insulae pancreaticae)
Pineal gland (gl. pinealis - epiphysis)
5 Pituitary gland - characteristic
composed of two lobes
frontal - adenohypophysis
dorsal - neurohypophysis
intimal connection with hypothalamus
6 Pituitary gland - development
Ratkes pouch
3rd week - ceiling of oral cavity
evagination to the diencephalon
separation proliferation of anterior wall
diencaphalic pouch
origin of dorsal lobe
cells diferetiate to pituicytes
7 Adenohypophysis
distal part (pars distalis)
largest (75)
tuberal part (pars tuberalis)
cranialy
intermedial part (pars intermedia)
between adeno- and neurohypophysis
8 Distal part
cellular cords between them capillaries
on HE staining 3 types of cells
acidophils
basophils
PAS-positive
chromophobes
without granules undiferentiated elements
9 Acidophils in distal part
a - cells (40 - 50)
large granules gER
nucleus surrounded by granuleless zone GC
growth hormone
e - cells (15 - 20)
usually small and rare (x gravidity lactation)
small granules (gravidity - enlargment)
prolactin
10 Bazophils in distal part
ß1 - cells
large granules by the cellular membrane
ACTH (ß-MSH Met-enkephalin endorfin)
ß2 - cells
large cells small granules by the CM
TSH
d - cells
large cells medium granules
FSH LH
11 Tuberal part
surrounds infundibulum
numerous capillaries
most of cells are d - cells
12 Intermedial part
rudimental
cells in cords
basophils
remnants of Ratkes pouch lumen
13 Neurohypophysis
medial eminence (eminentia medialis)
bottom of 3rd brain ventricle
numerous unmyelinisated nerve fibers
infundibulum
unmyelinisated nerve fibers
some of them leads to capillaries
nervous part (pars nervosa)
14 Nervous part
nerve fibers
axons of hypothalamical neurons
Herring bodies - contain secretory granules
secretion of oxytocine and vasopresin
pituicytes
glial cells
capillaries
15 Pituitary gland - blood supply
superior hypophyseal artery
prim. capillary plexus in infundibulum
sec. capillary plexus in adenohypophysis
hypophyseal portal system
inferior hypophyseal artery
capillary network in neurohypophysis
16 Hypothalamus
neurosecretory cells
production of granules and their secretion to blood
paraventricular nucleus - oxytocin
supraoptical nucleus - vasopresin
other nucleuses - liberins and statins
regulation of adenohypophyseal secretion
17 Thyroid gland - characteristic
two lobes isthmus
metabolic role
thyroxine T4 trijodtyronin T3
calcitonin
18 Thyroid gland - development
development from 24th day
invagination of entoderm of primitive pharynx
relat. and absol. descent - ductus thyreoglossus
foramen caecum
appearence of lobes (lobus pyramidalis)
19 Thyroid gland - histogenesis
solid endodermal object
ingrowth of surrounding mesenchyme and vessels
ingrowth of ultimobranchial bodies
10th week - cells make groups
single layer epithelium surrounds lumen
11th week - production of colloid
20 Thyroid gland - morphology
capsule - septa
follicles (50 - 900 um)
round shape
single layer epith. from follicular cells
contain colloid - thyreoglobulin
follicular cells
parafollicular cells
21 Follicular cells
round nucleus numerous gER (basal parts) MIT
numerous lysosomes
thyreoglobulin production of T4 a T3
22 Synthesis of thyroid hormones
1. iodid pump use ATP and pumps iodium from blood to colloid
2. and 3. synthesis of thyroglobulin and peroxidase stored in one secretory granule their secretion to colloid by exocytosis
4. iodisation of thyroglobulin by peroxidase in colloid resulting in iodthyroglobulin
endocytosis of iodthyroglobulin
5. fusion of primary lysosome with endocytosed vesicle
proteolysis of iodthyroglobulin resulting in T3 T4 and other fragments
secretion of T3 and T4 to blood circulation
6. binding to the transporting plasma protein (TBG)
23 Parafollicular cells
C-cells
between follicles (alone or in groups)
larger lighter
many of ER and GA MIT
granules - round dark
production and secretion of calcitonin
24 Parathyroid gland - characteristic
2 pairs of small rounded bodies
role in metabolism of bones and calcium
parathormon (PTH)
25 Parathyroid gland - development
dorsal parts of 3rd and 4th branchial pouch
5th week - proliferation of endoderm losing of lumen
ingrowth of vessel from mesenchyme
chief cells - fetal metabolism of calcium
oxyphil cells - appearence in 7th year after birth
26 Parathyroid gland - morphology
capsule septa
parenchyme divided on cords
chief cells - medium to large cells (4-8 um)
light cytoplasm
granules contain PTH
oxyphil cells - rare larger
cytoplasm darker (more acidophilic) no granules numerous MIT
unclear function
27 Function of parathormon
PTH connected to osteoblasts RANKL (ligand for receptor for activation of nuclear factor kappa)
PTH connected on osteoblasts M-CSF (monocyte collony stimulating factor)
Monocytes reaches an area of bone remodeling (on their surface are receptors for M-CSF)
Connection of M-CSF on monocyte activates expresion of RANK receptor Connection RANK-RANKL is established (appearence of multinuclear precursor unable to reabsorb bone) RANK-RANKL connection is inhibited by osteoprotegerin (has greater affinity to receptor his synthesis in osteoblast in inhibited by PTH) A resting osteoclast (nonfuctional) uncouples from osteoblast. Maturation of cells is completed when the sealing zone and ruffled border appear. (The formation of sealing zone requires integrins) 28 Suprarenal gland - characteristic
double gland
two special tissues - cortex and medulla
mineralocorticoids - aldosteron
glucocorticoids - cortisol corticosteron
androgens - testosteron
catecholamins - epinephrin norepinephrin
29 Suprarenal gland - development
cortex - from coelomic epithelium next to the mesenterium
proliferation moving to the aorta
medulla - from the origin of celiac ganglion
sympaticoblasts growth to cortical mass
secundar proliferation of cortex - definitive cortex
30 Suprarenal gland - cortex
capsula - septa
fibroblasts collagenous and elastic fibres smooth muscle cells
cortex of suprarenal gland
zona glomerulosa - (15)
zona fascicularis - (65)
zona reticulosa - (7)
31 Zona glomerulosa
outer zone
rounded cords of cells
cells producing steroids
between cords are capillaries (sinusoidal)
production of aldosteron
32 Zona fasciculata
medium widest zone
long paralel cords of cells
in cytopl. numerous lipid droplets
cells producing steroids
between cords are capillaries (again)
production of glucocorticoids and androgens
33 Zona reticulosa
inner zone of cortex
irregular anastomozing cords of cells
small cells with granules of lipofuscin
some elements have pyknotic nucleus
between cells are capillaries (of course)
production of glucocorticoids and andogens
34 Suprarenal gland - medulla
anastomozing cords of polyedric cells
large cells large nucleus
gER MIT GK granules
epinephrin norepinephrin chromogranins ATP
dopamin-ß-hydroxylaseu Leu- a Met- enkefalin
between cords are capillaries (what else)
rarely - parasympatical ganglious cells
35 Suprarenal gland - blood supply
aa. suprarenales sup. mediae et inf.
subcapsular plexus
capsular cortical and medullar arteries
in medulla arterial and also venous blood
vena suprarenalis
36 Islets of Langerhans
endocrine part of pancreas
01 - 02 mm in size 1 - 15 milions in count
various type of cells - A B D PP (F)
production of
insulin
glucagon
somatostatin
pancreatic polypeptide
37 I. of L. - development
differentiated from indiferent cells of p.
divided from tubules
first are A-cells then B D and PP
insular field - all types are mixed
mantle inslets - B in core A mantle
insulin in 10th week glucagon in 15th week
38 I. of L. - morphology
cords of epithelial cells between them are capillaries (really)
body and tail - 70 B 20A 10D1PP
haed - 65 PP 25 B 7 D 3 A
I. of L. - tail gt body gt head
39 I. of L. - cellular types
gER GA granules
A - cells
a - granules - rounded 300 nm
glucagon - hyperglycemic-glycogenolytic factor
B - cells
ß - granules - rounded 300 nmspecies specifical
insulin - hypoglycemic factor
40
D - cells
d - granules - rounded 250 nm
one long prominence - paracrine secretion
somatostatin
PP - cells
granules - 180nm very light
pancreatic polypeptide - regulation of exocrine pancreas
(G - cells)
production of gastrinu
41 Pineal gland
upper dorsal end of 3rd brain ventricle
capsule from pia mater septa
pinealocytes - main cells
nucleus with expressive nucleolus bas.cytopl.
production of melatonin
interstitial cells - astroglial cells
rod like nucleus
spherolithi pineales - concrements of protein-like material
count of them elevates with age
42 Disseminated endocrine cells
endocrine cells of GIT
closed type vs. open type
contain numerous granules
many of types many of hormones
regulation of GIT function
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