Occupational Hazards Associated with the Moving Image Archivists Profession

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Occupational Hazards Associated with the Moving
Image Archivists Profession
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Whats behind your door?
?
Door No. 2
Door No. 1
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Objectives

• Review different environmental factors or
  stresses that may cause sickness, impaired health
  or significant discomfort in workers
• Review the film archive work environment, work
  activities and potential hazards
• Review film base issues and discuss specific
  chemical hazards
• Review applicable programs that could apply to
  the film archive

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Hazard vs. Risk

• Hazard Capable of causing harm
• Risk Hazard Probability
• Risk Hazard Outrage

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Environmental factors or Stresses

• Chemical hazards
• Physical hazards
• Biological hazards
• Ergonomic hazards

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Chemical hazards

• Result from excessive exposure through
  inhalation, skin contact or ingestion of chemical
  agent(s).
• Physical form of chemicals can be liquids,
  particulates (dust, fumes, mists, smoke), vapors
  or gases.

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Chemical Hazards

• Toxicity
• Acute vs. chronic effects
• Dose response
• Individual variation
• Physical Properties
• Flammability
• Reactivity
• Corrosivity

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Exposure Limits
Are typically based on an 8-hr full shift exposure
PEL
OSHA Permissible Exposure Limit Has the effect
of law
TLV
ACGIH Threshold Limit Value Independent,
non-regulatory Considered to represent best
available recommendation
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Exposure limits
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Exposure limits (cont.)
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Exposure factors

• Concentration
• Time

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Conc. (ppm)
OSHA PEL For Acetic Acid
10
1
8am
10am
12pm
2pm
4pm
6pm
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Ergonomics

• Ergonomics is the study of the design of work
  in relation to the physiological and
  psychological capabilities of peoplealso called
  biotechnology or human engineering
• Office ergonomics (sitting, computer work, etc.)
• Lifting rolls/cans of film
• Weight
• Lifting height
• Using manual winders
• Sitting
• Arms ways from body
• Wrist position
• Lighting
• Temperature extremes

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Physical hazards

• Safety
• Life safety (egress exit pathways)
• Falls (ladders)
• Electrical
• Damaged power cords
• Machine guarding
• Winders/projector
• Slips/falls

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Physical hazards

• Noise
• From viewing movies with sound tracks
• OSHA limit is 85 dBA as an 8-hr average

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Physical hazards

• Ionizing or non-ionizing radiation
• Projector lamps (Xeon bulbs can produce harmful
  wavelengths of UV light (270 nm)
• Bright visible light hazards from projector bulbs
• Some static eliminators use radioactive materials
  (Po-210 or Am-241)

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Biological Hazards

• Blood borne pathogens
• First aid teams
• Contaminated equipment
• Molds Bacteria
• Contaminated film
• Contaminated storage facility or HVAC equipment

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Hazard review

• Chemical
• Ergonomic
• Physical
• Biological

CTD, (material handling, etc.)
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Hazard Assessment Process
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Hierarchy of Hazard Control

• Substitution
• Engineering
• Administrative
• Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

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Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
Discuss proper use of PPE Discuss selection and
limitations of gloves
Needs to be done
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Film archive environment

• Typical work activities
• Receiving and inspection of new inventory
• Storing film under controlled conditions
• Conservation of films
• Inspection/viewing
• Cleaning
• Copying
• Restoring

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Receiving, Inspection Viewing

• Activities
• Material handing
• Inspection
• Data entry

• Hazards
• Ergonomic lifting, carrying, use of manual
  winders
• Cuts from packaging, film can or film
• Eye issues dust, impact with leader
• Film condition mold, decomposition,
  chemical/cleaning contamination

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Rewind Manual and Power
Discuss manual winding issues, arm and hand
positions
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Winders

• Payoff Control
• Take up Control
• Archival Wind
• Speed Setting for
• - acetate
• - polyester
• Non Critical Film
• Elements Only!!

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Splicers
Discuss mechanical pinch hazards
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Viewers
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Storing film

• Activities
• Material handling
• Working in controlled environment (cold/dry)
• Data entry

• Hazards
• Ergonomic
• Mechanical pinch points, automatic rack systems
• Material falling
• Indoor air quality
• Chemical exposure
• Film decomposition
• Off-gassing

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Racks
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Conservation work - Inspection

• Activities
• Winding and unwinding
• Visual inspection
• Environment (ambient temp./higher humidity)

• Hazards
• Ergonomic
• Eye strain/injury
• Cuts
• Exposure to mold or chemicals

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Racks

• Double roll 2000 ft 35 mm film weighs about 15
  lbs
• Single roll 1000 ft weighs about 7 lbs

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Racks
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Conservation - Cleaning

• Activities
• Loading/unloading film into cleaning equipment
• Handling solvents

• Hazards
• Skin contact and inhalation of cleaning solvents

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Conservation - Restoration

• Activities
• Retouching
• Re-coloring
• Mold removal
• Splicing

• Hazards
• Chemicals
• Biocides

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Solvent cleaning

• Solvents used can include
• Trichloroethane
• Perchloroethane
• 3M Solvent
• IPA
• Potential hazards
• Defattening of skin
• Narcosis
• liver

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Film base

• Cellulose nitrate 1893-1952
• 35mm
• Cellulose triacetate 1940s present
• 8mm, Super 8mm, 9.5mm, 16mm, 28 mm, 35mm
  70mm
• Polyester Mid-1950s to present
• Super 8mm, 16mm, 35mm 70mm

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House Keeping

• Film Handling Areas
• Vault Areas
• Staging Area

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Volatiles released from film

• Residual casting solvents
• Off-gassing of cleaning solvents
• Volatile degradation products

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Residual solvents from manufacturing

• Methylene chloride
• Acetone
• N-butanol
• Cyclohexane
• 1,2 dichloropropane

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Off-gassing from film cleaning products

• 1,1,1-Trichloroethane (ozone depletion substance
  ODS)
• Perchloroethylene (also known as
  tetrachloroethylene

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Cellulose nitrate film base

• Severe fire/explosion risk
• Requires special storage facilities
• Degrades to form oxides of nitrogen
• Acidic by-products
• (accelerates degradation)
• Skin and respiratory
• irritants

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Cellulose triacetate film base

• Vinegar syndrome
• 1000 ft roll could release 250 teaspoons of
  acetic acid equivalent to 1.3 quarts

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Vinegar Syndrome

• Acetic acid hazards/characteristics
• Symptoms at various concentrations
• Measurement of acetic acid
• Draeger tubes
• Passive dosimeters
• IPI strips

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Regulatory impacts
Transportation regulations
Safety Health
Environment -Air -Water -Solid waste
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Applicable HSE Programs

• Emergency preparedness (exits, fire, medical
  emergencies)
• Hazard communication
• Ergonomics
• Personal protective equipment
• Electrical safety
• Machine guarding
• Environment permits (air /water)
• Possible transportation issues

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Questions
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An effective Hazard Communication Program should
be able to
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An effective Hazard Communication Program should
be able to Cont.

• Explain toxicity and the factors effecting
  toxicity.
• Identify the conditions of exposure and the
  factors effecting exposure.
• Define target organ effects and list associated
  chemical categories and the general health
  effects they have on the body.
• Explain the labeling system used in your work
  area.
• Explain where MSDSs are kept.
• Explain the information on an MSDS.
• Identify how to obtain appropriate hazard
  information associated with chemicals.

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An Effective Personal Protective Equipment
Program will allow you to

• Select the correct PPE
• Describe when to use PPE
• Demonstrate how to don PPE
• Demonstrate how to doff PPE
• Demonstrate how to adjust and wear PPE
• Describe the limitations of PPE
• Describe the care of PPE
• Demonstrate how to maintain PPE
• Identify the end of useful life of PPE
• Safely dispose of PPE

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An Effective Ergonomic Program will

• Describe what ergonomics is and how to apply
  ergonomic principles to the design of workplaces
  and tasks in an effort to reduce musculoskeletal
  risk factors.
• Identify the common types of musculoskeletal
  disorders and the factors that may contribute to
  their occurrence.
• Perform office assessments using basic task
  analysis skills and problem solving tools and
  techniques to identify and reduce musculoskeletal
  risk factors in the workplace.
• Describe how an ergonomics program functions and
  explain their roles and responsibilities in the
  program.
• Train other employees related to the Ergonomics
  of computers.

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An Electrical Safety Training Course will provide

• Training on electrical hazards common to
  employees and the effects of electricity to the
  body. Topics include de-energizing equipment,
  inspecting cords and plugs, operating electrical
  disconnects, GFCI's and alerting techniques used
  to warn other employees. The course should be
  intended on meeting the training requirements for
  OSHA 29 CFR 1910.331 as it relates to
  "unqualified persons".
• Discuss how electricity can harm you
• Recognize how to avoid electrical hazards
• Describe how to work safely around electrical
  equipment
• Locate different kinds of electrical hazards

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Emergency Preparedness Three Parts
Part 1 Fire Extinguisher Training

• Identify the types of fire extinguishers used at
  your facility
• "Size-up" an incipient fire
• Identify and properly operate fire alarms
• Identify methods of extinguishing various types
  of small fires
• Operate an extinguisher and put out a fire

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Emergency Preparedness Three Parts
Part 2 Blood borne Pathogen Training

• Define BBPs and the risks associated with
  exposure.
• Identify the tasks that have potential
  occupational exposure to BBPs.
• Describe how to protect yourself when performing
  these tasks.
• Describe the proper procedure for removing
  contaminated gloves.
• Explain the benefits, risks, and OSHA
  requirements for Hepatitis B vaccinations.
• Define the process, identified in your Exposure
  Control Plan (ECP), for reporting exposure

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Emergency Preparedness Three Parts
Part 2 Cont. Standard First Aid

• List the check points of safety to determine if
  it's safe to respond to an emergency situation.
• Describe and recognize the risks, signs, and
  symptoms of a heart attack.
• Describe and recognize the signs and symptoms of
  a breathing emergency.
• Demonstrate how to control bleeding.
• Demonstrate how to care for nonlife-threatening
  emergencies such as strain, sprain, or fracture.
• Describe how to use the community's emergency
  medical services (EMS) system effectively.

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Emergency Preparedness Three Parts
Part 3 Means of Egress (for more information go
to www.osha.gov - Exit Routes Means of Egress -
6147712-47722 ) )
What are the design requirements for exit routes?
(g) An Exit Door Must Be Unlocked
(a) An Exit Must Be Permanent
(h) A Side-hinged Exit Door Must Be Used
(b) The Number Of Exit Routes Must Be Adequate

• The Capacity Of
• An Exit Route Must
• Be Adequate

(c) An Exit Has Limited Openings
(d) An Exit Must Be Separated By Fire Resistant
Materials
(j) An Exit Must Meet Minimum Height And Width
Requirements
(e) Exit Route Access Must Be Unobstructed
(k) An Outdoor Exit Route Is Permitted
(f) An Exit Must Lead Outside
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Emergency Preparedness Three Parts
Part 3 Means of Egress (for more information go
to www.osha.gov - Exit Routes Means of Egress -
6147712-47722 )
What are the operation and maintenance
requirements for exit routes?

• The Danger To
• Employees Must
• Be Minimized

(f) Exits Must Be Maintained During Construction
And Repair
(b) Lighting Must Be Adequate
(g) An Employee Alarm System Must Be Operable
(c) An Exit Must Be Marked Appropriately
(d) The Fire Retardant Properties Of Paints Or
Other Coatings Must Be Maintained
(e) Each Emergency Safeguard Must Be Maintained
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Emergency Preparedness Three Parts
Part 3 Means of Egress (for more information go
to www.osha.gov - Exit Routes Means of Egress -
6147712-47722 )
What are the requirements for an Emergency Action
Plan?

• An Emergency Action Plan
• Must Be Available for
• Employee Review

(b) Minimum Elements Of An Emergency Action Plan
(c) Employee Alarm System
(d) Training
(e) Employee Review
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Emergency Preparedness Three Parts
Part 3 Means of Egress (for more information go
to www.osha.gov - Exit Routes Means of Egress -
6147712-47722 )
What are the requirements for a Fire Prevention
Plan?

• A Fire Prevention Plan
• Must Be Available For
• Employee Review

(b) Minimum Elements Of A Fire Prevention Plan
(c) Employee Information