Chapter 9: The New Englishes (337-374)

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Chapter 9The New Englishes (337-374)

• The New Englishes/
• Epilogue Next Years Words

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The Story of English

• By Don L. F. Nilsen
• Based on The Story of English
• By Robert McCrum, Robert MacNeil
• and William Cran (Penguin, 2003)

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George Bernard ShawMan of Destiny

• You will never find an Englishman in the wrong.
  He does everything on principle. He fights you
  on patriotic principles he robs you on business
  principles he enslaves you on imperial
  principles. (McCrum 338)
• NILSEN NOTE Many Americans also believe in
  manifest destiny.

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Contact Languages Patois, Pidgins, Creoles,
Ships Jargon, Maritime English, Nation Language,
Talki-Talki, etc.

• Contact languages can be found in the slave
  triangle.
• They can also be found throughout the Carribean,
  Melanesia, Hawaii, the Philippines, Papua, New
  Guinea, and the Australian Northern Territories.

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Jamaica Talk (Patois)Nation-Language

• Di kuk di tel mi mi faamin, bot it nat so.
• The Cook told me I was shamming sick, but its
  not so.
• bockle (bottle), duppy (ghost), form
  (pretend), nyam (eat), ninyam (food), tacko
  (ugly, tacky)
• (McCrum 340-343)

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English in the CaribbeanJamaica, Barbados and
Trinidad
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Jamaican Reggae Jamaican Dub PoetryLouise
Bennett/Miss Lou

• So yuh a de man, me hear bout!
• Ah yuh dem sey dah-teck
• Whole heap o English oat sey dat
• Yuy gwine kill dialect!
• Meck me get it straight Mass Charlie
• For me now quite undastan
• Yuh gwine kill all English dialect?
• Or jus Jamaica one?

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• Ef yuh kean sing Linstead Market
• An Wata come a me yeye,
• Yuh wi haffi tap sing Auld lang syne
• An Comin thru de rye.
• Dah language we yuh proud o,
• Weh yuh honou and respeck,
• Po Mass Charlie? Yuh noh know sey
• Dat it spring from dialect!
• (McCrum 341-342)

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E. K. Braithwaite

• All Caribbean people partake in multiple
  cultures.
• They partake in the American culture.
• Some of us partake in the Latin American culture.
• Then theres the European culture
• And the Caribbean culture.

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• We are at the stage Chaucer was in his time.
  Thats my assessment of it.
• Chaucer had just started to gel English, French
  and Latin.
• We are doing the same thing with our creole
  concepts, our Standard English, our American, and
  our modernisms.
• (McCrum 343)

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Nation English in Jamaica

• NO RIGHT TURN ? NO TON RAIT
• SCHOOL ZONE BEGINS ? SKUUL ZUON BIGIN
• NO ENTRY ? NO ENTA
• KEEP LEFT ? KIP LEF
• NO PARKING BETWEEN THESE SIGNS ? NO PAAK BITWIIN
  DEM SAIN YA
• NO OVERTAKING OR PASSING ? NO OUVATEK NAAR PAAS
• (McCrum 346)

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Jamaican English is now spoken in

• Toronto, Ontario in Canada
• New York in the United States
• London in England
• One Jamaican schoolgirl living in London
  explains the complicated social pressures that
  frowned on Jamaican English in Jamaica, but made
  it almost obligatory in London.
• (McCrum 348)

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English in East and West Africa
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English in East and West Africa

• In the East African states of Kenya, Uganda and
  Tanzania, the lingua franca tends to be
  Ki-Swahili,
• but English is the main language of all secondary
  and tertiary education.
• In West Africa, English has official status in
  Sierra Leone, Gambia, Ghana and Nigeria,
• and pidgin English is widely used as a lingua
  franca.
• This pidgin English is called Krio. The word
  comes from Creole. (McCrum 351)

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Krio

• Krio is the language of the descendants of
  Sierra Leonean settlers in Gambia, and it was
  brought by traders and missionaries to Nigeria
  and Cameroon.
• At least 80 per cent of Krio is derived from
  English.
• Like Chinese and many African languages, Krio has
  a system of tones.
• (McCrum 352-353)

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Krio-English Counterparts

• Man klos mans clothes
• Man pawa strength (manpower)
• Manpus tomcat
• A kam fala yu?
• May I go with you?
• (McCrum 353)

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India and Malaysia (McCrum not in earlier
edition/323)
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Indian English (also Burmese, Bangladesh
Pakistani English)

• 16th Century Words brahmin, calico, curry, rajah
• 17th Century Words coolie, juggernaut, bungalow,
  cheroot, pundit, chintz
• 18th Century Words bandana, jungle, jute, toddy,
  veranda
• 19th Century Words chutney, guru, cummerbund,
  purdah
• NOTE Women in purdah wear a burka (Pashtoon
  word) or chaderie (Farsi word)
• (McCrum 357-358)

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More Indian English

• Indian English is variously known as
  Hobson-Jobson, as Babu English, as Butler
  English, as Bearer English, and as Kitchen
  English.
• Educated or standard Indian English, which is
  very scholarly and bookish is known as Pukkah.

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Indian English Words

• Box wallah businessman
• Demise death
• Eve Teaser someone who harasses women
• Godown storage area of a house
• Godown space warehouse
• Gunny bag sack
• Lathicharge police baton charge
• Mixy Grinder food blender
• Newspaper wallah person who sells newspapers
• Out of station away
• Time piece wristwatch
• (McCrum 362-363)

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Indian English Syntax

• I am doing. I constantly do.
• I am doing it I have been doing it.
• When I will come. When I come.
• You will do this? Will you please do this?
• Sympathetic consideration, Sincerely,
• (McCrum 361)

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Indian Code Switching

• Indian speakers will switch backwards and
  forwards between their mother tongue and Indian
  English, in the course of conversation, often in
  the course of a sentence. (McCrum 363)

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Indian English as a Literary Language

• Indian English is the language of Rudyard
  Kipling, who writes about Kim and the Khyber Pass
  (in Afghanistan) and Peshawar (now in Pakistan),
  and Rikki Tikki Tavi.
• Indian English is often in the writings of E. M.
  Forster who writes about the English colonization
  and the Raj.
• Indian English, like Sanskrit (the holy language)
  and Persian (the language of the Persian empire),
  like Irish English, Australian English or
  American English, is its own special dialect of
  English. (McCrum 364)

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Singapore English

• I like hot hot curryvery shrink Its terrific,
  beyond description.
• Big bluff, man, he! Hes just a show-off.
• You can drop here You can get out here.
• My name, you write it with three alphabets not
  four three letters not four
• Stop shaking legs and do some work Shake legs
  is a direct translation from Malay, and it means
  to be idle. (McCrum 369)

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The Pacific Rim

• The Pacific Rim, from Singapore and Malaysia in
  the west, to Japan, Hong Kong and Korea to the
  north, Hawaii and California toward the east, and
  Australia to the south, has become the
  fastest-growing community on the planet,
  representing one-third of the worlds
  population. (McCrum 368)

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Papua New Guineas Tok Pisin

• Tok Pisin helps unite a people once divided by
  tribal war, headhunting and cannibalism.
  (McCrum 372)

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• Beli stomach
• Bik fella big
• Bilong belong to
• Go long went
• Good fella tru friend
• Longtime bipo a long time ago (before)
• Maski It doesnt matter
• Meri woman (Mary, mother of Jesus)
• Mot Mouth
• Os House
• Pela fellow
• Pickanninny child
• Savvy understand (cf. French savoir)
• Su shoe

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Repetitions, Transitive Verbs Simplified Syntax

• Big big very big
• Good good very good
• Kai kai food
• Lik lik little
• Talk talk chat
• Buyum, sellum, wantum
• Me sellum good good beads.
• Long time no see.

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!Global English, Spanish or Chinese

• Right now English is in the lead as a National
  language, but Spanish and Chinese are close
  behind.
• The economic power of Latin America, many
  experts believe, has yet to be fully deployed.

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!Global Chinese?

• Chinese is widely spoken throughout the Far
  East.
• A decline in American power might encourage a
  country like Singapore or other countries in the
  Pacific Rim, whose children are bilingual in
  Mandarin and English, to switch its support to
  Mandarin as the medium of Far East Asian
  business.
• (McCrum 374)

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!!English, Spanish Chinese as Global
Languages(McCrum 339 not in later edition)
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!!!H. C. NarangWill English remain the global
language?

• Those countries which have strong groundings in
  Englishlike India, or Pakistan, or Bangladesh,
  or the countries of East Africa and West
  Africashare in the task of teaching English to
  other countries who do not have any English but
  who do need English.
• In that sense we are helping the cause of English
  in a big way. This is no more the cause of
  England or America. Its the cause of the
  world.
• (McCrum 368)

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Works Cited

• McCrum, Robert, William Cran, and Robert MacNeil.
  The Story of English. New York, NY Penguin,
  1986. (source of map citations)
• McCrum, Robert, William Cran, and Robert MacNeil.
  The Story of English Third Revised Edition. New
  York, NY Penguin, 2003. (source of text
  citations)