Ground%20Water%20Risks%20

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Ground Water Risks Microbes

• Joan B. Rose
• 517-432-4412
• rosejo_at_msu.edu

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Groundwater Use in Michigan 2001
Total 513.36 MGD
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Water Quality and Fecal IndicatorsCriteria and
Standards / 100 mL

• FOR RECREATIONAL WATERS
• E.coli
• - 235 CFU US EPA
• - 300 CFU MDEQ
• Enterococci
• - 61 CFU US EPA
• Clostridium
• - 50 CFU Hawaii
• FOR DRINKING AND GROUND WATER
• lt1 Total coliform bacteria and E.coli
  Enterococci or coliphage
• No detectable pathogens (viruses and parasites)
• Parasite detection in ground water is viewed as
  ground water under the influence of surface
  waters and should be filtered for drinking
  purposes.

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E. coli

• Standard in Michigan
• Found in the gastrointestinal tract of mammals
• Member of Fecal Coliform group
• Possess the enzyme ß-glucuronidase
• Presence indicates fecal contamination

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Enterococci

• Sub group of streptococci
• Used in testing water quality
• EPA recommended and greater association with
  recreational disease
• Some can readily colonize skin and mucous
  membranes

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Clostridium perfringens

• Anaerobe
• Spore former
• Produces toxins

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Coliphage

• Virus
• Needs bacterias machinary (E.coli) to replicate
• Indicates fecal contamination

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Types of Waterborne Pathogens
Viruses Bacteria Parasites
THE DISEASES diarrhea, respiratory illness,
liver damage, kidney failure, heart disease,
cancer, nervous system disorders birth defects,
death.
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Chief Waterborne Microorganisms

• Viruses
• rotavirus
• coxsackievirus
• echovirus
• calicivirus
• norovirus
• Hepatitis A and E

• Bacteria
• E.coli
• Salmonella spp.
• Shigella spp.
• Aeromonas hydrophila
• Campylobacter jejuni

• Protozoa
• Cryptosporidium parvum
• Giardia lamblia

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OVER 100 Viruses found in sewageAdenoviruses,
respiratory and enteric, higher numbers, greater
resistance to uv disinfection. Coxsackie
viruses, myocarditis and viral meningitis.
Identification of Cancer causing viruses
Polyomaviruses in Wastewater.
SMALL BIO-NANO PARTICLES LONG-TERM
SURVIVAL HIGHLY INFECTIOUS
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Figure 3                                       
                                          
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Figure 6                                       
                                          
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WATERBORNE OUTBREAKS IN THE U.S.
Polluted groundwater a major risk Small
systems Unknown and emerging contaminants
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Waterborne Disease in the U.S.

• 1993-1994 14 outbreaks, 37 groundwater
• 1995-1996 22 outbreaks, 50 groundwater
• 1997-1998 17 outbreaks, 88 groundwater
• Viral contamination detected in 40 of
  groundwater sources tested

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Groundwater Monitoring

• Study transport and survival of pathogenic
  microbes in groundwater
• Monitor for pathogens using culture and PCR
  (molecular methods)

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Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

• Developed in 1985 by Kary Mullis
• Dr. Mullis received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry
  in 1993
• PCR is considered as one of the most important
  discoveries in molecular biology

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What is PCR?

• Enzymatic reaction that makes many copies of DNA
  from single molecule
• 2n copies of DNA from single molecule where n
  No. of cycles
• So, 35 cycles of PCR would yield 235 copies of DNA

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Source Tracking at MSU

• Recently developed method to track a Human marker
  in Enterococci.
• 107/109 samples from human sewage and septic
  tanks were positive.
• 0/80 samples from cattle, swine, bird, fecal
  samples and lagoons were positive.

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Human Pollution Marker Validation
Source esp marker
Sewage 67/67
Septic tank 14/16
Poultry 0/8
Swine 0/12
Cattle 0/35
Canada Geese 0/12
Seagull 0/28
Pelican 0/7
Wild Birds 0/10
Scott et al., 2005. Env. Sci. Technol., 39
283-287
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Enteric viruses

• In a National Survey approximately 8 of ground
  waters in U.S. were positive for cultivatible
  viruses while 30 were positive by Molecular
  methods (PCR).
• PCR is being used to detect of risk for Viruses
  which can not be easily grown in cell culture.

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Pathogen and Indicator Sampling in Michigan
Waters
Sampling locations
for Enteric Viruses
for esp Marker
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esp human marker in Great Lakes recreational
beach waters
Silver Beach, MI Silver Beach, MI Silver Beach, MI
Sampling time Number of swimmers Mean turbidity (NTU) SD positive for esp marker
Morning 17 3.2 3.8 5/168 3 (n276)
Afternoon 805 3.7 3.7 4/88 4.5 (n138)
Total 822 9/256
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• Studies in Wisconsin have shown statistical
  Association between diarrhea in children and
  Virus infection and Septic tank density.
• No evidence of well contamination based on
  coliforms.
• Virus infections associated in a 640-acre
  section.
• Bacterial infections in a 40-acre section.
• Unknown infections associated with Enterococci
  contamination.
• Borchardt et al. May 2003 Envir. Hlth Perspec vol
  111

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Groundwater Risks Lessons Learned
Walkerton, Ontario Outbreak (occured In small
community Using Ground water). Source
Application of Animal Waste/Manure Monitoring
and Disinfection not addressed. 2300 CASES 7
DEATHS 27 CASES of HUS 5 years later community
still suffering.
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E.coli 0157H7

• Enteropathogenic strain of E. coli
• Serious waterborne outbreaks
• 243 cases, 32 hospitalizations, 4 deaths
• Water main repair with sewage overflow
  contamination, 1987
• Groundwater supplying Fairgrounds in NY 750
  cases, 2 deaths, 1999
• Walkerton, groundwater, 1000 cases, 6 deaths,
  2000

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E.coli 0157H7Health Effects

• Children and the elderly at greatest risk
• Severe bloody diarrhea
• Hemolytic uremic syndrome
• Kidney failure
• Death

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• The WHO has classified H. pylori as a Class I
  carcinogen because of the association of H.
  pylori and gastric malignancies.
• German group ,Rolle-Kampczyk et al. ( 2004)
  found a significant correlation between well
  water contaminated with H. pylori detection by
  PCR and colonization status in humans.
• Water supplies contaminated with fecal material
  may be a potential source of H. pylori
  transmission (Hulten et al., 1996).

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Analysis of VacA gene of H. pylori Vs Samples
No. of H. pylori / 50 ml samples
Raw water from waste water treatment plant at
different period of time
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Campy and new emerging bacteria associated with
ground water

• Campylobacter jejuni is a major cause of human
  bacterial enteritis.
• Source of transmission of C. jejuni to humans
  occurs via contaminated water , poultry ,
  shellfish and milk.
• Arcobacter spp have been associated with cases of
  human enteritis and abortion in livestock.
• Because of their phylogenetic proximity,
  transmission mechanisms that have been described
  for C. jejuni may be applicable to Helicobacter
  and Archobacter spp (Wesley V.I.,1997 )

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Campy and new emerging bacteria associated with
ground water

• Campylobacter jejuni is a major cause of human
  bacterial enteritis.
• Source of transmission of C. jejuni to humans
  occurs via contaminated water , poultry ,
  shellfish and milk.
• H. pylori is the most common chronic bacterial
  infection to occur in humans which leads to
  gastric cancer.
• Arcobacter spp have been associated with cases of
  human enteritis and abortion in livestock.
• Because of their phylogenetic proximity,
  transmission mechanisms that have been described
  for C. jejuni may be applicable to Helicobacter
  and Archobacter spp (Wesley V.I.,1997 )

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DONT DRINK THE WATERDRINK THE WINE THE
SOUTH BASS ISLAND OUTBREAK of 2004
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    Washington-area hotel
closes for cleaning after norovirus
sickens dozens of guests The Associated
PressPublished March 2, 2007 ARLINGTON,
Virginia A hotel near a Washington, D.C.,
airport was closed for cleaning after as many as
150 guests were sickened by the highly contagious
norovirus, hotel and county health officials said.
By kgw.com Staff
FAIRFAX COUNTY Senior Community Hit by Possible
Norovirus By Leef Smith Washington Post Staff
WriterSaturday, March 10, 2007 Page B02
In 2006, 145 outbreaks sickened 5000 people in
Michigan nursing homes, restaurants, college
campuses, a prison, and summer camp
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• Ohio blames groundwater for Lake Erie island
  outbreak
• Tuesday, February 22, 2005
• ASSOCIATED PRESS
• TOLEDO, Ohio -- Widespread groundwater
  contamination on a Lake Erie resort island was
  the likely source of illnesses that sickened
  hundreds last summer, the Ohio health department
  said Tuesday.
• Several sources, including septic tanks, have
  tainted the South Bass Island's groundwater over
  a long period, and the contamination may have
  been worsened last summer because of a season of
  heavy rains, a health department report said.
• The outbreak of gastrointestinal illness sickened
  about 1,400 tourists and residents, ending the
  tourist season early for many businesses.

MSU assisted with the investigation Identified
virus contamination and potentially a new and
emerging bacteria
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South Bass Island Lake Erie Sources septic
Tanks sewage discharges Massive Ground Water
and SurfaceWater Contamination
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Outcomes of Outbreak Investigation

• On Feb 23, 2005, OH Health Dept. announced that
  the outbreak was caused by consumption of
  contaminated water
• heavy rains in May 2004 (the fifth wettest May in
  OH history) may have worsened the contamination
• the island's porous soil makes it easier for
  contaminants such as bird droppings and motor oil
  to wash into the bedrock especially during heavy
  rains
• rising and falling lake levels
• shallow wells, min state requirement- 25 ft

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Needed Ground Water Studies

• Building Data bases more monitoring, new
  indicators, virus testing.
• To Date we have examined 10 wells (30 positive
  for Coliphage)
• Tracer studies Impact of Septic Tanks
• Understanding Ground water and surface water
  interactions

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Tracer Studies In viral tracer studies, a
nonpathogenic bacterial virus is seeded into a
septic tank or injection well at high
concentration, and surface or groundwaters
monitored for viral appearance as a function of
time.
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TRACER STUDIES

• Used Bacteriophage
• Vibrio Phage
• PRD1 Salmonella Phage
• MS2, E.coli Phage

• Bacteriophage can be grown to high titer in the
  laboratory (10 million).
• A single plaque forming unit can be detected in
  10 to 100ml using specific bacterial host and the
  agar overlay method

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• What we have learned from viral tracer
• Studies
• Both septic tanks and injection wells
• Rapidly contaminated surface water (often
• In as little as 3 hr).
• 2. Rates of migration of wastewater ranged
• From lt1 to gt150 m/h
• 3. These results have shaped future waste
• Disposal policy in the Keys

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MICHIGAN NEEDS A PATHOGEN AND SOURCE TRACKING
DATA BASE MICHIGAN NEEDS BETTER APPROACH FOR
HEALTH REPORTING MICHIGAN NEEDS TO BETTER
UNDERSTAND THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LANDUSE,
CLIMATE (RAIN) AND POLLUTION MICHIGAN NEEDS
TO RANK THE IMPACTS IN THE BEACHSHEDS AND WATER
QUALITY AT THE BEACH. MICHIGAN NEEDS TO ADDRESS
WASTEWATER INFRASTRUCTURE IMPROVEMENT