Writing Process:

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• Writing Process
• 1. Get ideas
• 2. Think
• 3. Organize
• 4. Write
• 5. Revise

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Writing a topic sentence / thesis (statement)

• A topic sentence is a single sentence which
  conveys the point you want to make and write
  about. It is the central idea of your passage.
• A topic sentence should be neither a sentence
  fragment nor a question.
• The topic sentence serves as a guide to yourself
  and to the reader.
• Everything else in the paragraph should then
  develop and support in specific ways the single
  point given in the first sentence.

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• The topic sentence consists of two parts the
  subject or the topic and controlling idea.
• The subject is the limited topic which tells what
  a passage is about.
• The controlling idea is the writers idea about
  the limited topic, which is usually expressed in
  a key word or words.

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• Cheating is common is everyday life
• the topic is cheating and the controlling idea
  is common in everyday life.

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• The topic sentence consists of two parts the
  subject or the topic and controlling idea.
• The subject is the limited topic which tells what
  a passage is about.
• The controlling idea is the writers idea about
  the limited topic, which is usually expressed in
  a key word or words.

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There are two commonly used types of outlines

• the topic outline and the sentence outline.
• 1) A topic outline
• A topic outline is brief and clear, and it gives
  an instant overview of the entire paper.
• All entries in a topic outline consist of nouns
  and their modifiers, or their equivalents, that
  is, gerund phraes or infinitive phrases.

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A Topic Outline

• Thesis Foreign trade is beneficial to and
  indispensable for all nations.
• I. Introduction the foundation of foreign trade
• II. The necessity of visible trade
• A. Lack of certain commodities
• B. Insufficiency of particular items
• C. Comparative advantage in certain items
• D. Latest innovations and different styles of
  commodities
• E. The importance of a favorable balance of trade

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• III. The necessity of invisible tradeexchange of
  services between nations
• A. Transportation
• B. Insurance
• C. Tourism
• D. Technology
• IV. Conclusion the purpose of foreign trade and
  the importance of the balance of payments

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2) A sentence outline

• A sentence outline is provides a more detailed
  plan of the paper. The advantage of a sentence
  outline is that you can use them directly. The
  disadvantage is if you use them, the sentence
  structures are the same and will be boring.

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A sentence outline

• Thesis Foreign trade is beneficial to and
  indispensable for all nations.
• I. Introduction the utilization of different
  economic resources and the development of
  different skills form the foundation of foreign
  trade.
• II. Trade in commodities (visible trade) is
  necessary between nations.
• A. No nation has all the commodities it needs.
• B. A nation may not have enough of certain
  commodities.
• C. A nation may sell certain commodities at a
  profit.
• D. Latest innovations and different styles of
  commodities may make foreign trade necessary.
• E. All nations strive to maintain a favorable
  balance of trade so as to be assured of the means
  to buy necessary goods.

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• III. Exchange of services between nations
  (invisible trade) is part of foreign trade.
• A. Nations vie in providing transportation for
  foreign trade.
• B. Prudent exporters purchase insurance for their
  cargoes.
• C. Tourism brings a nation huge profits.
• D. Technology is also exported and imported.
• IV. Conclusion the purpose of foreign trade is
  to earn money for necessary imports and it is
  important to keep the balance of payments.

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3) Rules for writing outlines

• (1) Avoid single subdivisions.
• If there is a major point marked I, there must
  be at least another marked II if there is an
  A, there must be a B, and so on.
• (2) Avoid mixing types.
• A topic outline is written in noun phrases, and a
  sentence outline in sentences. Do not mix these
  two types.
• (3) Use parallel structures for the headings of
  the same rank.
• Make sure subheads of the same rank are of equal
  importance and are related to the heading and
  arranged in logical order.
• (4) Use specific evidence that supports the topic
  sentence
• (5) Make sure the thesis is a complete
  declarative sentence in the affirmative do not
  use a question, a phrase or a dependent clause.

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Everyday Cheating

• Cheating is common in everyday life. For one
  thing, cheating at school is common. Many
  students will borrow a friends homework and copy
  it in their own handwriting. During a test,
  students will use a tiny sheet of answers stored
  in their pockets or sit near a friend to copy
  answers. People also cheat on the job. They take
  home office supplies such as tape, paper, or
  pens. Some people who are not closely supervised
  or who are out on the road may cheat an employer
  by taking dozens of breaks or using work time for
  personal chores. Finally, many people cheat when
  they deal with large businesses. For instance,
  few customers will report an incorrect bill in
  their favor. Visitors in a hotel may take home
  towels, and restaurant patrons may take home
  silverware. A customer in a store may change
  price tags because This is how much the shirt
  cost last month.? For many people, daily
  cheating is an acceptable way to behave.

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Topic sentence Cheating is common in everyday
life

• I. At school
• a. Copying homework
• b. Cheating on tests
• II. At work
• a. Stealing office supplies
• b. Taking breaks and doing errands on company
  time
• III. With large businesses
• a. Not reporting error on bill
• b. Stealing towels and silverware
• IV. Conclusion daily cheating acceptable for
  many people

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Exercises

• Write an outline for each of the following
  topics.
• 1. education 2. Computers 3.weekend

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Education

• Thesis Compared with the traditional education,
  the quality education is very different.
• I. Traditional education
• A. Paying much attention to the marks
• B. Reading only for exams
• II. Quality education
• A. Developing all-around
• B. Improving ability and practice
• III. Conclusion Advocating the quality education

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3. Computers

• Thesis the importance of computers play an
  important part in our life.
• I. Introduction the foundation and development
  of computers
• II. The advantages of computers
• A. At work
• 1. Looking up the information
• 2. Making work efficient
• B. Education
• 1. Preparing for the lessons
• 2. Managing the studies

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• C. In daily life
• 1. Sending emails
• 2. Giving more news around the world
• 3. Communicating with different people on the
  internet
• III. The disadvantages of computers
• A. Doing Bad harm for our health
• 1. Eyes
• 2. Body disease

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• B. Distracting the youths from their studies
• 1. Playing games
• 2. Chatting
• C. Making people rely on computers
• IV. Conclusion Making good use of computers

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The most important quality of exposition is
clarity. To achieve this the writer should

• 1)      Limit his subject or the scope of
  discussion.
• 2)      Prepare enough material (details or
  examples).
• 3)      Present the facts and views in proper
  order, in the order of time or of logical
  sequence depending on the nature of the
  subject.4)      Pay attention to the accuracy
  and clarity of words and sentences.5)      Make
  our exposition, if possible, interesting or
  moving. 

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The Two-Day Weekend

• The advance of science and technology makes
  people have more free time. Nowadays, we have
  5-workday week. Therefore, our university and
  college students can have much more leisure time.
  Sports fans can play in the playground. Some
  students who are interested in social work can
  join many clubs. Of course, we also can get a
  part time job to gain some work experience.

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• There is a growing concern over the students who
  don't put too much emphasis on study. Some
  students always idle away their time, playing
  cards, drinking, gambling. These problems are
  really serious. Taking into account all these
  factors, we can safely come to the conclusion
  that the students will waste more time if they
  don't make good use of it.

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• As a student, busy as I am with my study, I also
  do many interesting things such as reading
  novels, writing articles at the two-day weekend.
  All work no play makes Jack a dull boy. It's
  really true!

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Argumentation

• The purpose of exposition is to inform the
  purpose of argumentation, on the other hand, is
  to convince.
• While an expository paper makes known something
  and explains it to make the reader understand, an
  argumentative essay tries to make the reader
  agree with its point of view and support it, to
  persuade him to change his mind or behavior, and
  to approve a policy or a course of action that it
  proposes.
• Speeches on policies, editorials of newspapers,
  articles on political or theoretical questions,
  and various proposals are often argumentative.

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Argumentation makes use of the other three types
of writingdescription, narration, and above all
exposition,

• for argumentation and exposition are very closely
  related argumentation is actually exposition
  with the additional purpose of convincing or
  persuading.

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Note

• (1) A debatable point
• 1) Mere statements of facts.Chinese doctors use
  acupuncture anesthesia to perform certain
  operationsAcupuncture anesthesia should replace
  conventional anesthesia in all operations.
• 2) Statements of personal preferenceBa Jin is my
  favorite author.Ba Jin is the greatest Chinese
  writer of 20th century
• 3) Viewpoints that are generally accepted or can
  be easily verifiedNoise pollution is harmful to
  peoples health.
• Noise pollution is the most harmful of all
  environmental pollution.

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• (2) Sufficient evidenceSufficient evidence
  includes common knowledge specific examples
  hard, not soft, evidence, or facts, not opinions,
  unless the opinions are expert and authoritative
  statistics and quotations from authorities.
• (3) Good logic
• All the facts and reasons that are given, as
  evidence should be logically connected with the
  conclusion and with each other.
• Any fallacy illogic or wrong step in reasoning
  would leave the reader in doubt about the whole
  argument.

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There are generally two ways of
reasoning1) Inductive reasoningInductive
reasoning is the more common way. When we use
induction, we start with facts and proceed from
facts to a general conclusion. In other words, we
move from specific examples to a general
statement.2)Deductive reasoningThe process is
just the opposite
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• (4) Clear logic(5) Good use of the other three
  types of writingdescription, narration, and
  especially the various methods of
  exposition(6) An honest and friendly attitude

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An essay is a short piece of writing that
generally shows the author's view on a particular
subject. There are many different kinds of
essays, including narrative, descriptive, and
persuasive. The following steps, however, can be
used to write any kind of essay.
How to Write an Essay
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• Example
• Advertisements are getting their way into
  people's lives. People depend on advertisers in
  their daily lives because they are consumers. The
  advertisers are always manufacturers. Sometimes
  they are salesmen. Their merchandise needs
  advertising. Thus nearly every product is
  advertised. To some extent, good advertising
  means success while bad advertising can means
  failure. There are many ways to advertise
  and 'ads' come in different forms. Newspaper
  carry advertisements. Some products are announced
  on TV and radio which have a wide audience.
  Billboards also carry advertising. Advertising is
  a big industry now and many agencies are set up
  to furnish a variety of services for it.
  However, advertising is not always truthful. A
  product is often misrepresented. The advertiser
  exaggerates the benefit of the merchandise he
  wants to sell. Thus, he misrepresents the truth.
  The consumer falls victim to such advertising.
  Millions of people have bought advertised
  products and they haven't always been satisfied.

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Write a First Draft

• Every essay or paper is made up of three parts
• Introduction
• Body
• Conclusion

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• The introduction is the first paragraph of the
  paper. It often begins with a general statement
  about the topic and ends with a more specific
  statement of the main idea of your paper. The
  purpose of the introduction is to
• let the reader know what the topic is
• inform the reader about your point of view
• arouse the reader's curiosity so that he or she
  will want to read about your topic

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• 2.The body of the paper follows the introduction.
  It consists of a number of paragraphs in which
  you develop your ideas in detail.
• Limit each paragraph to one main idea. (Don't try
  to talk about more than one idea per paragraph.)
• Prove your points continually by using specific
  examples and quotations.
• Use transition words to ensure a smooth flow of
  ideas from paragraph to paragraph.

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• 3.The conclusion is the last paragraph of the
  paper. Its purpose is to
• summarize your main points, leaving out specific
  examples
• restate the main idea of the paper

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Establish Your Topic

• One method for narrowing down your topic is
  called brainstorming. Brainstorming is a useful
  way to let ideas you didn't' know you had come to
  the surface.

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• Sit down with a pencil and paper, or at your
  computer, and write whatever comes into your head
  about your topic, no matter how confused or
  disorganized.
• Keep writing for a short but specific amount of
  time, say 35 minutes. Don't stop to change what
  you've written or to correct spelling or grammar
  errors.
• After a few minutes, read through what you have
  written. You will probably throw out most of it,
  but some of what you've written may give you an
  idea you can develop.
• Do some more brainstorming and see what else you
  can come up with.

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Organize Your Ideas

• Develop an outline to organize your ideas. An
  outline shows your main ideas and the order in
  which you are going to write about them.
• 1.Write down all the main ideas.
• 2.List the subordinate ideas below the main
  ideas.
• 3.Avoid any repetition of ideas.

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Revise the First Draft

• Try to set aside your draft for a day or two
  before revising. This makes it easier to view
  your work objectively and see any gaps or
  problems.
• Revising involves rethinking your ideas, refining
  your arguments, reorganizing paragraphs, and
  rewording sentences. You may need to develop your
  ideas in more detail, give more evidence to
  support your claims, or delete material that is
  unnecessary.
• Read your paper out loud. This sometimes makes it
  easier to identify writing that is awkward or
  unclear.
• Have somebody else read the paper and tell you if
  there's anything that's unclear or confusing.

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How to write a good paragraph

• 1. What is a good paragraph?
• One of the important organizational
  principles is coherence. This requires that each
  sentence in a paragraph leads naturally and
  logically to the next in explaining the central
  idea. The central idea of a paragraph is often
  introduced by a topic sentence, usually in the
  form of a general statement, which is further
  developed in the paragraph naturally ad
  logically. This may be done by specific examples,
  definitions or arguments. Another is one
  paragraph should have only one idea. If you have
  tow idea, you should put them in tow paragraphs.
  The next is that it should be unity. It means it
  should be complete. And the last is that it has
  proper transitions.

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• Generally speaking, there is a only one topic
  sentencethe main idea of the paragraph, so
  identifying the topic sentence in a paragraph
  enables you to know exactly what the central idea
  is. And when you are reading and taking notes, it
  ensures that the most important points would be
  not be missed out. When you are writing, it
  ensures that your readers will not miss the main
  points you wish to make. It is very important to
  identify the topic sentence in your reading and
  give a clear one in your writing.
• Usually the most general statement is shown by
  the topic sentence.

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• the main parts of a paragraph
• It includes three parts
• i) the topic sentence
• ii) supporting sentences
• iii) concluding sentences
• Note concluding sentences may be omitted if the
  paragraph is a short one.

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• Where should the topic sentence be placed?
• i. at the very beginningthe first sentence is
  the topic sentence
• ii. at the end of the paragraphthe last sentence
• iii. there is no specific topic sentence or in
  the middle of the paragraph

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• A University Professor
• 1A university professor has many duties. 2In the
  classroom, he or she lectures to the students and
  answers questions. 3If the professor is a science
  instructor, he or she also conducts laboratory
  experiments. 4During office hours, students are
  free to visit the professor to get help on
  difficult material or problems. 5In addition, a
  professor may often work for many hours in
  laboratory doing a research project. 6Another
  professor might spend his or her time writing a
  scholarly paper for a professional journal.
  7Still another one might spend time writing a
  book. 8In conclusion, a professor is always a
  very busy person.
•  

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• Answer sentence 1 is the topic sentence,
  sentences2-7 are supporting sentences and
  sentence 8 is the concluding sentence.

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• SAMPLE
• Direction
• A. Title A Matter of Approach
• B. Word Limit about 200 words
• C. Your composition should be based on the
  OUTLINE below and should start with the given
  opening sentence "Two sencondary school teahers
  I remember show how different people can be
  though engaged in the same profession."

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• OUTLINE
• 1. Two secondary school teahers I remember
• 2. The differences between the two teahers in
  classroom attitudes
• 3. Their attitudes to their students
• 4. Their methods of teaching

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• SAMPLE
• Directions
• A. Cars play an important role in modern
  society. But they are also responsible for a good
  part of air pollution in big cities. Write an
  essay of about 200 words on car and air
  pollution.
• B. Your essay should cover the following
  points
• 1. the serious problem of air pollution caused
  by cars
• 2. your suggestions on how to deal with the
  problem.

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Cars and Air Pollution

• Too many cars have created a lot of serious
  problems in our world. Besides congestion,
  accidents and fast fuel consumption,cars are
  responsible for a good part of air pollution in
  big cities. All the time, they are pumping huge
  amounts of waste gases into the atmosphere. These
  gases are very harmful, causing disease and even
  death. Last winter, car fumes formed heavy smog
  over Beijing, making the sky gloomy for weeks and
  deteriorating people's health.

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• One possible solution is to design and develop
  clean cars and clean fuels. In Tsinghua
  University, campus buses are driven by
  electricity. In Beijing some of the public buses
  begin to run on natural gas, which does not give
  off as much carbon dioxide as the petrol. But it
  may take decades for the new models of clean cars
  to completely replace the traditional ones.

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• Another solution is to develop modern public
  transportation systems and restrict the use of
  private cars. If the price of petrol rises
  constantly and the public vehicles are efficient
  and convenient enough, most people will not
  private cars. And the total number of cars in big
  cities will reduce greatly. On the whole, the
  elimination of air pollution needs the co-efforts
  from the government, the public and the
  environments. This problem will be solved only
  with the help of science and technology.

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Preserving Natural Resources

• Through the changes in the ways of making a
  living in a family over several generations, the
  cartoon aims at sounding a warning against man's
  wasteful use of natural resources and emphasizing
  the urgent need to preserve these resources.

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• Ever since man appeared on the earth, man's
  survival has been heavily relied on nature.
  Almost everything we use in our everyday life
  comes from nature, ranging from the food we eat,
  the water we drink, to the wood which is turned
  into furiture. With the development of technology
  and population growth, the amount and range of
  materials used has increased at an alarming rate.
  However, natural resources are not inexhaustible.
  Some reserves are already on the brink of
  exhaustion and there is no hope of replacing
  them. The widespread water shortage is an example
  in point. If man continued to squander natural
  resources with no thought for the future, the
  later generations would end up selling sand, as
  is the case in the cartoon, and the whole world
  would be in a mess.

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• Time is running out. It is up to us to take
  effective measures before the situation gets out
  of hand.

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TOPIC

• What Will Happen If China Enters WTO?

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• Every Chinese is looking forward to China's entry
  into WTO, widely seen as a blessing and a promise
  of prosperity. It seems to be so at first sight,
  however, on reflection, we're convinced that it's
  just another coin with two sides.

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• On the one hand, both the nation and people will
  benefit greatly from China's entry into WTO. Shut
  out of WTO, China Dused to be deprived of equal
  trade opportunities and was placed at a distinct
  disadvantage in world trade. This situation will
  change if China enters WTO. In addition, foreign
  coMPAnies will stream into China and offer great
  job opportunities, which, in a sense, will
  relieve the unemployment problem.

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• On the other hand, the entry will impose some
  negative effects on China. State-owned
  enterprises in China are undergoing great
  difficulties, which will be more acute with the
  flow of foreign competitors into China.
• In short, excited about the advantages caused
  by the entry, we should not lose sight of the
  severe challenges posed by it.