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1
Section 1-5
The Growth of Industry

• The Industrial Revolution began in the mid-1700s
  in Britain. ?

• It was a period during which machinery and
  technology changed how people worked and produced
  goods. ?
• The Industrial Revolution took hold in the United
  States in New England around 1800. ?

• Rivers and streams provided waterpower to run
  machinery in factories. ?
• New England was near needed resources, such as
  coal and iron from Pennsylvania and therefore had
  an advantage.

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2
Section 1-6
The Growth of Industry (cont.)

• New England shipped cotton from the Southern
  states and sent the finished cloth to markets
  throughout the nation. ?

• Capitalism played a large part in the development
  of different industries. ?
• People put up capital, or their own money, for a
  new business in the hopes to make a profit, too.
  ?
• With the growth of industry came free enterprise.
  ?
• People are open to buy, sell, or produce anything
  of their choosing as well as work wherever they
  want.

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3
Section 1-7
The Growth of Industry (cont.)

• Competition, profit, private property, and
  economic freedom are all aspects of a free
  enterprise. ?

• New England had workers to handle the growth of
  industry.

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4
Section 1-8
The Growth of Industry (cont.)

• The Industrial Revolution could not have taken
  place without the invention of new machines and
  new technology or the scientific discoveries that
  made work easier. ?

• Britain created machinery and methods that
  changed the textile industry with inventions such
  as the spinning jenny, the water frame, and the
  power loom. ?
• Most mills were built near rivers because the new
  machines ran on waterpower. ?
• In 1785 the steam engine provided power for a
  cotton mill.

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5
Section 1-9
The Growth of Industry (cont.)

• In the United States, many new inventions were
  created. ?

• In 1793 Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin. ?
• One worker using the machine could clean cotton
  as fast as 50 people working by hand. ?
• The patent law passed in 1790 protected the
  rights of people who created inventions. ?
• A patent gives an inventor the sole legal right
  to the invention and its profits for a certain
  period of time.

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6
Section 1-11
New England Factories

• Samuel Slater took over a cotton mill in
  Pawtucket, Rhode Island, where he was able to
  copy the design of a machine invented by Richard
  Arkwright of Britain that spun cotton threads. ?

• Slater memorized the design while in Britain,
  came to the United States in 1789, and
  established Slaters Mill. ?
• Lowells Mill, another textile plant in Waltham,
  Massachusetts, was established in 1814.

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7
Section 1-12
New England Factories (cont.)

• The factory system, or bringing manufacturing
  steps together under one roof, began here. ?

• This was an important part of the Industrial
  Revolution because it changed the way goods were
  made and increased efficiency.

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8
Section 1-13
New England Factories (cont.)

• The technology of making interchangeable parts
  made it possible to produce may types of goods in
  large quantities. ?

• It also reduced the cost of manufacturing goods.
  ?
• In 1798 Eli Whitney devised this method to make
  10,000 rifles in two years for the United States
  government. ?
• He was able to make huge quantities of identical
  pieces that could replace one another.

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9
Section 1-15
Agriculture Expands

• In the 1820s, more than 65 percent of Americans
  were farmers. ?

• In the Northeast, farms were small and the
  produce was sold locally.

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10
Section 1-16
Agriculture Expands (cont.)

• In the South, cotton production greatly increased
  with the development of the textile industry of
  New England and Europe. ?

• Enslaved workers planted, tended, and picked the
  cotton. ?
• With the invention of the cotton gin, cotton
  could be cleaned faster and cheaper than by hand,
  so farmers raised larger crops. ?
• Between 1790 and 1820, cotton production went
  from 3,000 to 300,000 bales a year.

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11
Section 1-17
Agriculture Expands (cont.)

• In the West, farmers north of the Ohio River
  raised pork and cash crops such as wheat and
  corn. ?

• Some Southern farmers also moved west to plant
  cotton.

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12
Section 1-19
Economic Independence

• Merchants, shopkeepers, and farmers put some of
  the money they earned back into their businesses
  to try to earn larger profits. ?

• Businesses that needed more money had to borrow
  it from banks. ?
• The charter for the First Bank of the United
  States expired in 1811. ?
• In 1816 Congress chartered the Second Bank of the
  United States.

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13
Section 1-20
Economic Independence (cont.)

• It had the power to establish a national currency
  and to make large loans. ?

• It helped strengthen the economic independence of
  the nation.

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14
Section 1-21
Economic Independence (cont.)

• Cities and towns grew as a result of the growth
  of factories and trade. ?

• Many developed along rivers and streams to use
  the waterpower. ?
• Cities such as New York, Boston, and Baltimore
  became centers of commerce and trade. ?
• Towns such as Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, and
  Louisville became profitable from their proximity
  to major rivers.

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15
Section 1-22
Economic Independence (cont.)

• Cities and towns did not look like those today. ?

• Buildings were wood or brick. ?
• Streets were unpaved. ?
• Animals roamed freely. ?

• Because there were no sewers, the danger of
  diseases such as cholera and yellow fever grew. ?
• Fires could spread easily and could be
  disastrous.

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16
Section 1-23
Economic Independence (cont.)

• Cities offered many types of shops, jobs, a
  steady income, and cultural opportunities. ?

• Many people left their farms and moved to the
  cities for the city life.

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17
Section 2-5
Moving West

• In 1790 most of the nearly 4 million people of
  the United States lived east of the Appalachian
  Mountains and near the Atlantic coast. ?

• In 1820 the population had more than doubled to
  about 10 million with almost 2 million living
  west of the Appalachian Mountains. ?
• Travel west was difficult. ?
• A pioneer family faced many hardships along the
  way.

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18
Section 2-6
Moving West (cont.)

• Good inland roads were needed. ?

• Private companies built turnpikes, or toll roads.
  ?
• In 1803, when Ohio became a state, it asked the
  federal government to build a road to connect it
  to the East. ?
• Congress approved a National Road to the West in
  1806, but because of the War of 1812, roadwork
  stopped. ?
• The first section from Maryland to western
  Virginia opened in 1818, and years later it
  reached Ohio and then on to Illinois.

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19
Section 2-7
Moving West (cont.)

• Some people traveled along the rivers, loading
  all their belongings onto barges. ?

• Travel was more comfortable by boat than on bumpy
  roads. ?
• Some difficulties were that ?

• traveling upstream, against the flow of the
  current, was slow and difficult ?
• most major rivers flow in a north-south not
  east-west direction

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20
Section 2-8
Moving West (cont.)

• Steamboats provided a faster means of river
  travel. ?

• In 1807 Robert Fulton built the Clermont, a
  steamboat with a newly designed powerful engine.
  ?
• The 150-mile trip from New York to Albany was
  shortened from 4 days to 32 hours. ?
• Steamboats improved the transport of people and
  goods. ?
• Shipping became cheaper and faster.

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21
Section 2-9
Moving West (cont.)

• River cities such as Cincinnati and St. Louis
  also grew.

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22
Section 2-11
Canals

• Traveling the existing river system would not tie
  the East with the West, so a New York business
  and government group planned to link New York
  City with the Great Lakes region by building a
  canal. ?

• This artificial waterway across New York State
  would connect Albany on the Hudson River with
  Buffalo on Lake Erie.

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23
Section 2-12
Canals (cont.)

• The 363-mile canal, called the Erie Canal, was
  built by thousands of workers. ?

• A series of locks to raise and lower ships to
  different water levels was used to move ships
  along the canal where water levels changed.

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24
Section 2-13
Canals (cont.)

• Early on, steamboats could not use the canal
  because their powerful engines might damage the
  embankments. ?

• Teams of mules and horses on the shore pulled the
  boats and barges. ?
• In the 1840s, the canals banks were reinforced
  to accommodate steam tugboats.

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25
Section 2-14
Canals (cont.)

• As a result of the success of the Erie Canal, by
  1850 the United States had more than 3,600 miles
  of canals. ?

• They lowered shipping costs and brought growth
  and prosperity to towns along their routes. ?
• These canals also helped unite the country, tying
  the East and West together.

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26
Section 2-16
Western Settlement

• Four new statesVermont, Kentucky, Tennessee, and
  Ohiowere admitted to the Union between 1791 and
  1803, but only one new state, Louisiana, entered
  during the next 13 years. ?

• After the War of 1812, a second wave of westward
  expansion began. ?
• Between 1816 and 1820 five western states were
  created Indiana, Illinois, Mississippi, Alabama,
  and Missouri.

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27
Section 2-17
Western Settlement (cont.)

• People tended to settle in communities along the
  rivers and with others from their home
  communities. ?

• Indiana was settled mainly by people from
  Kentucky and Tennessee. ?
• Michigans pioneers came mainly from New England.

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28
Section 2-18
Western Settlement (cont.)

• Life in the West included social events such as
  wrestling and pole jumping for men and quilting
  and sewing parties for women. ?

• Both men and women gathered for cornhusking. ?
• Life in the West did not have conveniences of
  Eastern town life.

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29
Section 3-5
The Era of Good Feelings

• James Monroe won the 1816 presidential election
  easily. ?

• He had been involved in national politics since
  the American Revolution.

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30
Section 3-6
The Era of Good Feelings (cont.)

• The Federalist Party was almost nonexistent, but
  its programs gained support. ?

• Political differences seemed to disappear during
  this Era of Good Feelings, and Monroes
  presidency also symbolized the era. ?
• He traveled around the nation as far south as
  Savannah and as far west as Detroit. ?
• In 1820 Monroe was reelected, receiving all but
  one electoral vote.

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31
Section 3-8
Sectionalism Grows

• Regional differences soon surfaced, and the Era
  of Good Feelings disappeared. ?

• People felt a strong tie to the region in which
  they lived. ?
• This promoted sectionalism, or loyalty to a
  region.

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32
Section 3-9
Sectionalism Grows (cont.)

• Differences arose over slavery and national
  policies. ?

• Slavery was opposed in the North and protected in
  the South. ?
• National policiessuch as tariffs, a national
  bank, and internal improvements, or federal,
  state, and privately funded projects to develop
  the nations transportation systemwere not
  accepted in all regions of the Union.

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33
Section 3-10
Sectionalism Grows (cont.)

• John Calhoun, a planter from South Carolina, was
  the spokesperson from the South. ?

• Early on he favored support for internal
  improvements, developing industries, and a
  national bank. ?
• In the 1820s, he backed state sovereignty, or the
  belief that states should have power over the
  federal government, and was against high tariffs.

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34
Section 3-11
Sectionalism Grows (cont.)

• Calhoun said high tariffs raised the prices of
  manufactured goods planters could not produce
  themselves and tariffs protected unproductive
  corporations.

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35
Section 3-12
Sectionalism Grows (cont.)

• Daniel Webster was first elected to Congress in
  1812 to represent New Hampshire. ?

• In later years, he represented Massachusetts in
  the House and Senate. ?
• He began his career as a supporter of free trade
  and the shipping interests of New England.

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Section 3-13
Sectionalism Grows (cont.)

• In time he began to favor the Tariff of 1816,
  which protected American industries from foreign
  competition, and other policies that would
  strengthen the nation and help the North. ?

• He became known as a great orator when, as a
  senator, he spoke in defense of the nation.

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37
Section 3-14
Sectionalism Grows (cont.)

• Henry Clay of Kentucky, a leader who represented
  Western states, became Speaker of the House in
  1811. ?

• He served as a member of the group who negotiated
  the Treaty of Ghent to end the War of 1812. ?
• Clay became known as the national leader who
  tried to resolve sectional disputes and conflicts
  through compromise.

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38
Section 3-15
Sectionalism Grows (cont.)

• The Missouri Compromise reached in March 1820
  tried to preserve the balance between the North
  and the South. ?

• The South wanted Missouri, part of the Louisiana
  Purchase, admitted as a slave state, and the
  North wanted Missouri to be a free state. ?
• Maines statehood was also discussed.

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39
Section 3-16
Sectionalism Grows (cont.)

• The Compromise stated that ?

• Missouri would be admitted as a slave state ?
• Maine, still part of Massachusetts, was to be
  admitted as a free state ?
• slavery was to be banned in the remaining part of
  the Louisiana Territory north of the 3630N
  parallel

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40
Section 3-18
The American System

• Henry Clay proposed a program called the American
  System in 1824. ?

• He felt that all regions of the nation would
  benefit from his program ?

• a protective tariff ?
• a program of internal improvements, especially
  building roads and canals to stimulate trade ?
• a national bank to promote one national currency
  and to lend money to build industry

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41
Section 3-19
The American System (cont.)

• Not everyone agreed. ?

• Thomas Jefferson thought that the American System
  favored the wealthy manufacturing classes of New
  England. ?
• The South agreed with Jefferson and did not see
  how it would benefit from the tariff or internal
  improvements. ?
• Congress adopted some internal improvements and
  created the controversial Second Bank of the
  United States.

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42
Section 3-20
The American System (cont.)

• The Supreme Court heard several cases that
  involved sectional and states rights issues. ?

• McCulloch v. Maryland in 1819 involved the issue
  of whether or not the state of Maryland had the
  right to impose a tax on the Second Bank of the
  United States, a federal institution. ?
• Chief Justice John Marshall ruled that Maryland
  did not have the right to tax the Bank because it
  was a federal institution. ?
• The federal government can coin money, but the
  Constitution does not mention paper money.

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43
Section 3-21
The American System (cont.)

• Also, the Constitutional Convention voted against
  giving the federal government the authority to
  charter corporations, including banks. ?

• In the case Gibbons v. Ogden, the Supreme Court
  said that states could not enact legislation that
  would interfere with congressional power over
  interstate commerce.

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44
Section 3-23
Foreign Affairs

• President Monroe signed two agreements to resolve
  long-standing disputes with Britain. ?

• The first was the Rush-Bagot Treaty, signed in
  1817. ?
• It set limits on the number of naval vessels each
  could have on the Great Lakes. ?
• It also provided for the disarmament, or removal
  of weapons, along the border between British
  Canada and the United States.

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45
Section 3-24
Foreign Affairs (cont.)

• The second was the Convention of 1818, in which
  the official boundary of the Louisiana Territory
  was set at the 49th parallel and became a
  demilitarized zone, one without armed forces. ?

• America also was given the right to settle in the
  Oregon Territory.

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46
Section 3-25
Foreign Affairs (cont.)

• When General Andrew Jackson invaded Spanish East
  Florida in April 1818 and took control of two
  Spanish forts, he went beyond his orders to stop
  Seminole raids on American territory. ?

• The Spanish minister to the United States, Luis
  de Onís, protested and Secretary of War John
  Calhoun said that Jackson should be
  court-martialed. ?
• Secretary of State John Quincy Adams disagreed.

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47
Section 3-26
Foreign Affairs (cont.)

• Spain signed the Adams-Onís Treaty in 1819, in
  which Spain gave East Florida to the United
  States and gave up claims to West Florida. ?

• In return the United States gave up claims to
  Spanish Texas and agreed to pay 5 million that
  American citizens claimed Spain owed them for
  damages. ?
• The border between the United States and Spanish
  possessions in the Northwest was extended from
  the Gulf of Mexico to the 42nd parallel and then
  west to the Pacific.

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48
Section 3-26
Foreign Affairs (cont.)

• The United States gained a large piece of
  territory on the Pacific northwest as a result of
  this treaty.

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49
Section 3-23
Latin American Republics

• Spain faced challenges within its empire in
  North America. ?

• In 1810 Miguel Hidalgo led a rebellion in Mexico
  calling for racial equality and redistribution of
  land. ?
• The Spanish defeated his forces and executed him.
  ?
• In 1824 Mexico gained its independence but not
  the social or economic changes.

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50
Section 3-24
Latin American Republics (cont.)

• Simón Bolívar, the Liberator, led an
  independence movement in the northern region of
  South America. ?

• Venezuela, Colombia, Panama, Bolivia, and Ecuador
  won independence. ?
• José de San Martín led an independence movement
  in the southern region in which Chile and Peru
  won their independence.

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51
Section 3-25
Latin American Republics (cont.)

• By 1824 Spain liberated most of South America. ?

• What remained of the Spanish Empire consisted of
  Cuba, Puerto Rico, and some Caribbean islands.

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52
Section 3-26
Latin American Republics (cont.)

• The Monroe Doctrine, issued on December 2, 1823,
  served to protect North America from increased
  European involvement. ?

• It stated that the United States would not
  interfere with any existing European colonies in
  the Americas, but it would oppose any new ones. ?
• When the doctrine was issued, the United States
  did not have the military power to enforce it. ?
• However, it became and has remained an important
  part of American foreign policy.

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