Profiling United States of America

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Profiling United States of Americas Growing
Hispanic Population

• Dr. Jorge H. Atiles, PhD
• Associate Dean for Outreach and Extension
• The University of Georgia
• College of Family and Consumer Sciences

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Population Growth

• Hispanics -- the largest and fastest growing
  minority group in the United States of America
  and they account for more than 12 percent of the
  total US population.
• In the last decade alone, the Hispanic population
  grew by nearly 60 percent. In GA it grew by 300!

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Expansive Growth

• This unprecedented growth and its current size is
  largely attributable to high immigration and
  birth rates.
• If current patterns persist, there will be over
  100 million Hispanics living in the United States
  by the year 2050

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Stereotypes

• Many Americans stereotype Hispanics as an
  impoverished and illegal group of immigrants
  with a different language, culture, and history.
  Hispanics are a diverse group of immigrants and
  Native (US Born) Americans.

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Diversity
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Diversity
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Diversity
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Future of Hispanics

• Hispanics represent one of the fastest growing
  segments of the US population
• In the future, their presence will exert a great
  influence on politics, business, religion, the
  allocation of governmental tax generated
  resources, school curriculums, medical care,
  public safety and housing.

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• The majority of Hispanics living in the United
  States are not immigrants they were born here.
• Approximately 60 of Hispanic Residents are US
  Citizens by birth

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Hispanic vs. Latino?

• Hispanic refers to people whose native language
  is Spanish or who are descendants of Spanish
  speaking ancestors.
• Latino is generally used to describe US residents
  of Latin American origin, regardless of their
  native language.
• Hispanic/Latino is neither a racial nor ethnic
  category.

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Hispanic Population Size

• More than 35 million people in the US identify
  themselves as Hispanic or Latino.
• This underestimates their true size since they
  are more likely to be undercounted, or missed in
  the US census.
• This is due to a bias on the part of many
  agencies.

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Growth Patterns

• Hispanic Population in the United States is
  between 36 and 47 million (US Census Bureau 2004)

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Migration Trends

• Hispanics have traditionally congregated in
  California, Texas, Florida, New Mexico, New York,
  and Illinois
• However, in the 1990s Hispanics began migrating
  to the South, particularly Alabama, Arkansas,
  Georgia, Kentucky, North Carolina, South Carolina
  and Tennessee.

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Urban vs. Rural

• There is a tendency to stereotype Hispanics as
  rural but Hispanics are considerably more urban
  than the rest of the US population.
• Only about 10 percent of Hispanics live outside
  of metropolitan areas, while almost a quarter of
  non-Hispanics do.
• Within these urban areas, Hispanics are likely to
  hold lower-wage jobs in construction, retail
  trade, and service.
• Suburban counties surrounding major cities have
  attracted substantial numbers of Hispanics due to
  the labor needs associated with the construction
  and landscaping industry.

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Education Trends

• The Hispanic population in the USA generally has
  low levels of education.
• Hispanics are less likely than non-Hispanic
  Blacks, Whites, or Asians to stay in high school
  or enroll in college.
• 43 percent of Hispanics 25 and older did not have
  a high school education compared with 15.9 for
  the general population in 2000.

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Contributing Factors

• Limited English Fluency
• Different orientation towards education to
  complete high school or attend college
• Discrimination against minorities
• Cost- With 20 of Hispanics living at or below
  poverty level, few can afford the cost of college
  and instead, work.

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Income Barriers

• Educational attainment
• Occupation
• Age
• Immigration Status
• Wage discrimination

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Immigration Issues

• Develop a coherent immigration policy
  tailored to the unique situation occurring along
  the US-Mexican border
• WHAT TO THINK ABOUT
• Guest Worker Visas
• Computerized Registration
• Monitoring and Tracking all foreign visitors
• Amnesty
• Driver Licenses for foreign nationals
• English vs Spanish language policies
• Education
• Medical
• Unemployment
• Social Security

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Immigration Issues

• What should be the USA policy on foreign labor
  be?
• WHAT TO THINK ABOUT
• Global competitiveness and Labor shortages
  (nurses)
• US quality of life Costs for our goods and
  services
• Economic vs. Geo-political borders
• Migrant labor High vs. low skilled
• Portable skills and higher education
• Portable benefits to ensure temporary migration
  health, retirement, SS, etc.
• Brain drain and brain gain
• Reverse Development Developing nations
  subsidizing the development of 1st world nations
• Labor and human rights

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• THIS IS AN ECONOMIC BASED IMMIGRATION!
• Not unique to the USA
• Insert itself in the Economic and Political
  Context of Society

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USA in a Global Economy

• CON side Pass legislation to tackle the
  elimination of public spending for illegal
  immigrants. WHY DO WE HAVE ILLEGAL WORKERS?

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Business Opportunities

• According to a recent report from the UGA,
  Hispanic buying power will grow by 45 between
  2004-2009
• GA 2nd fastest rate (56) of Hispanic-owned
  businesses, after NY. GA is 3rd in Hispanic
  buying power (10.6 bill in 2005).
• Develop competitive market strategies that target
  Hispanics
• Create Learning and Entrepreneurial Programs

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USA in a Global Economy

• PRO side Need to compete and decide if it will
  rely on foreign labor
• State County
• Economic outlook

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Pro side What Georgia is Doing About Trade

• Attracting consulates
• Increasing trade
• Mexico is GAs 3rd largest export market
• Pre-NAFTA exports (1993) 411 million
• 2004 Georgia exports to Mexico 1.5 billion
• 90,000 more jobs related to Mexican exports since
  NAFTA (globalatlanta.com)
• Multinational Companies
• In Mexico Over 60 GA companies (Delta, Georgia
  Pacific, Coca Cola, Turner Broadcasting)
• In Georgia 7 Mexican companies

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Opening, Increasing Outreach

• Delta and others are offering direct flights to
  more Latin American countries

Source www.globalatlanta.com
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THE OUTLOOK CAFTA-DRHow Georgia May Benefit

• Increased trade
• Increased investment
• Foreign investment in GA
• Tap into rural Hispanic buying power
• Investment abroad
• Create more jobs
• Expand agricultural exports

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Global Finances

• Georgia is one of the countrys biggest
  remittance senders81 of Hispanics in GA send
  regularly
• GA sent 947 million in remesas (2004)
• 2,743average annual remittances per adult
  immigrant (4th highest in the country)
• Directo a MéxicoSM
• Source www.iadb.org

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Global CompetitivenessEducation, Training and
Life Skills

• Fight poverty Job Training that encourages
  growth and development, not dead-end jobs
• Computer Literacy
• Basic oral and written communication skills
• Basic understanding of money and personal finance
• Encourage leadership and cooperation from public
  and private sectors
• Higher Education opportunities

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Rural Georgia ItsKnowledge so far

• What is your role?
• What do you know?
• What dont you know?
• What should you really know?

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Education Agenda

• Globalize our curriculum at K-12 level
• Incorporate cultural differences in our teaching
  lessons
• Think beyond the state and U.S. borders use
  examples for other places, prepare the students
  to think globally
• Cultural Skills for our Workforce
• Incorporate culturally enriched programs
• Cultural training and study abroad
• Family relations

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Understand

• The social economic value of Latino immigrants
  to US society and economyand sending nations.  
• Too many myths, we do not have a clear answer as
  to how much they contribute versus how much they
  "take" out of the US economy. 

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Research Agenda

• This Economic Impact is being researched in light
  of the political issues that are fueling an
  anti-immigrant environment.
• For Example
• USDAs William Kundel found that the
  meat-processing industry is switching to lower
  skilled labor and increasingly relocating plants
  to rural areas.
• Hispanics are moving into the meat-processing
  labor force and helping to meet demand for
  low-skill workers.
• Hispanic immigration mitigates rural population
  decline and stimulates local economies.

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Research Agenda

• The reality of other immigrant related issues 
  labor mobility, human trafficking, etc. Study how
  other countries are dealing with this.
• Update on family and consumer needs of this
  population, how can FACS teaching and extension
  support these.

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Outreach Agenda

• What are others doing (best practices) and where
  are the gaps in outreach education
• Identify the best education efforts for the
  diverse groups of Latinos a review
• Overcoming the barriers/issues of educating
  undocumented Latinos
• Educating and training local officials and civic
  leaders

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Outreach Agenda

• Cultural competencies.
• What are the potential political and economic
  costs?
• Globalization our future in a world that may be
  flat. What do we need to do NOW to address
  issues in 2020?