Renewable energy resources are area dependent Research Symposium 2729 October 2005 Kaliningrad

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Renewable energy resources are area dependent
Research Symposium 27-29 October 2005 Kaliningrad

• Christine Jakobsson
• The Baltic University Programme
• Uppsala University
• Sweden

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Sustainable energy sources

• Bioenergy biomass
• Biofuels biogas RME ethanol
• Waste
• Small-scale hydropower
• Wind energy
• Wave energy
• Solar energy heat, electricity, fuel
• (Others e.g. geothermal energy)

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Area dependant

• All sustainable energy sources are area dependant
• Productivity per area
• Higher wind, wave, water power,
• solar panel fields
• Lower - biomass

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Bioenergy

• Biomass or wood fuels - wood, forest residues,
  pellets, briquettes (60 )
• Black liquor - by-product from paper mass
  industry (17 )
• Agricultural crops - straw, Salix, grain (10
  )
• Peat (7 )

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Usage of bioenergy

• Europe
• Sweden, Finland, Austria, Denmark, Germany
• France for small-scale usage (mainly wood -
  largest in Europe)
• Rest of the world
• New Zeeland
• USA (pellets)
• China (growing quickly heating)

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Environmental effects of bioenergy

• Discharges during the conversion process (if any)
  discharges from combustion - smaller than from
  fossil fuels
• Does not contribute to the greenhouse effect
• Does not discharge sulphur (which oil does)
• Similar size of NOx discharge as oil

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Biofuels biogas RME ethanol

• Ethanol
• RME
• Biogas
• Methanol
• DME dimethyl ether

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3 types of biogas

• 1) Thermic gasification largest potential
• 2) Digestion
• 3) Deposits methane from garbage dumps..

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A principle flow diagram of a biogas plant
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Utilization of biogas

• 1) burned in a conventional gas boiler used as
  heat for nearby buildings including farmhouses
• 2) burned in a gas engine to generate
  electricity. Combined heat power (CHP) system,
  where heat can be removed in the first instance
  to maintain the digester temperature, surplus
  energy used for other purposes. A larger scale
  CHP plant can supply larger housing or industrial
  developments, or supply electricity to the grid
• 3) upgraded to gas grid quality used in
  vehicles. Different techniques for separation of
  CO2 hydrogen sulphide from biogas ( water
  absorption molecular sieves for carbon dioxide
  removal combined with activated carbon for
  removal of hydrogen sulphide)

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Waste

• Collection and transport
• Increased sorting of waste
• Depositing / tipping
• Ban on depositing / deposit tax
• Extracting gas
• Will be phased out
• Biological treatment
• Combustion
• Dominates and most effective treatment
• District heating
• Will expand due to ban on depositing
• Combustion tax?
• EU environmental legislation

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Waste - Energy efficiency

• Digestion 0,8 MWh per tonne
• Combustion 3 MWh per tonne

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Small-scale hydropower

• Difficult so far due to
• Low electricity price
• Environmental legislation
• Environmental lobbying
• Taxes
• Financing problems for producers
• Politics.
• Needed
• Integrated systems solutions
• Reduced production costs by technical development
  of system solutions
• Better conditions legislation, tax, risk
  capital, politics

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Swedish example Electricity Certificates

• Producers of renewable electricity (RE) receive
  an electricity certificate for every MWh RE.
  Certificate 20 öre Electricity price
  25 öre Production cost 15 öre
• Certificates are sold to electricity consumers,
  who are requested by law to buy certificates for
  a certain part of their electricity use (quote).
• Producers of RE get extra resources for
  development of new technology production of
  RE.
• The electricity certificates are sold bought
  at a market place. Every year the quote RE that
  the electricity consumers must buy increases.
  This increases the request for RE. 17 billion
  SEK for production of renewable energy 4
  billion SEK for forest industry

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Wind energy

• Fast technical development
• New applications in ocean and mountain based wind
  energy
• Dominating Danish German equipment
• Dependant of national energy policy
• Difficult to find risk capital for investments
• Dependant on geographic conditions
• Dependant on environmental concerns
• Must be combined with other storable energy
  resources, can be max. 10

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Wave energy

• Large unexploited source of renewable energy.
• Ocean waves the degree of utilization is
  relatively high, wave power has a good economical
  potential.
• The challenge, when developing wave energy, lies
  in the relatively slow motion of the water the
  very high peak energy density.

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Wave energy

• PRINCIPLE
• Difference in height between wave top wave
  bottom. A buoy, floating on surface of the water
  follows the motion of the wave. The buoy is
  connected to a hull, which can move vertically on
  a pillar. Permanent magnets are mounted on the
  surface of the hull. Outside the hull is the
  stator, which contains coil windings. The pillar
  stator are put together on a concrete
  foundation, which stands on the bottom of the
  ocean. The hull the assembled magnets is called
  rotor or piston, a linear generator.

Two wave power plants in operation. The red buoy
follows the motion of the water surface and runs
the linear generator, which is placed on the
ocean seabed.
Ångström Lab
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Wave energy

• AC/DC converter installed before connection to
  the grid.
• Focus on the calculation of the magnetic flux
  to find a stable system solution. Great accuracy
  is necessary to have a small air gap in an
  extreme environment.
• Ecologically, the wave power plant has many
  advantages. Only a buoy is visible above the
  surface the generator will be on a depth that no
  environmental consequences are expected.
• Wave energy is created in a similar way as wind.
  Dependant on weather but waves continue for a
  longer time period even after windy periods have
  ended.

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Solar energy

• The sun has shined for gt 4 billion years will
  continue for at least 6 billion years.
• The little part of the suns energy that reaches
  the earths surface is almost 10 000 times larger
  than the amount of energy that humanity uses
  today as fossil fuel.
• With new technologies sunshine can be converted
  directly to electricity heat without being
  transformed through biomass, wind or waterfalls.
• Solar energy the natural greenhouse effect
  create a temperature on earth that makes it
  possible for organisms to live.
• Solar energy is the energy source that most
  living organisms on earth live from by
  photosynthesis. Humans have always eaten stored
  solar energy used stored solar energy as wood
  fuel since 100 000 years

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Solar energy

• Only 0,06 of the suns energy that reaches earth
  is transformed in photosynthesis used by
  earths vegetation as energy in biomass
• Less than 1 of solar energy is transformed to
  wind
• The potential for direct use of solar energy is
  large compared to biomass and wind energy
• The worlds reserves of oil gas of uranium
  for todays type of nuclear reactors correspond
  to the solar radiation that reaches the earths
  surface during a few days.
• The coal reserves a few weeks solar radiation

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Solar energy

• Strong technical development and growth
• Solar collectors produce heat
• Tap water, houses, swimming pools
• Glazed solar collectors in Germany, Turkey,
  Japan, Austria, Israel, Greece ( 1-2
  m2/inhabitant)
• Largest potential in cold countries heat water
  buildings
• Solar cells produce electricity
• Electricity without mains connection
• Batteries and transformers
• Fuel

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Solar collectors

• Flat, glazed solar collectors consist of an
  absorber that transforms solar radiation to heat
• The absorber has a selective surface that gives
  high absorption for solar radiation low
  emittance of heat radiation.
• The absorber is covered with glass to reduce
  convection losses and to protect the absorbers
  surface against wear
• Heat energy is transferred by a medium (air or
  water with glycol)
• Air direct usage of hot air or the heat can be
  stored in the building construction
• Water main purpose to heat water or store heat
  in water

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Solar collectors

• Hot water systems solar panel connected to a
  water heater with built-in solar heat coil
• Combination systems solar heat is combined with
  other types of energy, e.g. pellets or wood
  furnace. Heat is stored in an accumulator tank.
• Solar panel fields

Solar panel field in Kungälv - 10 000 m2 delivers
4 million kWh heat per year to district heating
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Solar cells

• Profitable in places lacking electricity mains
• Converting Photons to Electronsphotovoltaic
  (photo light, voltaic electricity) cells or
  modules (a group of cells electrically connected
  packaged in one frame) convert sunlight
  directly into electricity.
• Modules, batteries charging regulators or
  inverters

Photo Wikipedia, A solar cell, made from a
poly-crystalline silicon wafer
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Operation of a PV cell
Photons hit the solar cell energy frees
electron-hole pairs. Each photon with enough
energy will free one electron result in a free
hole. If this happens close to the electric field
or if free electron free hole wander into its
range of influence, the field will send the
electron to the N side the hole to the P side.
This leads to further disruption of electrical
neutrality if an external current path is
provided, electrons will flow through the path to
their original side (the P side) to unite with
holes that the electric field sent there, doing
work along the way. The electron flow provides
the current the cell's electric field causes a
voltage Power. A PV cell absorbs 15 or less of
the light.
How Stuff Works 2000
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CIGS solar cells

• Cu(IN,GA)Se2 absorbs sunlight
• 5 very thin films on a plate of glass
• Molybdenum back contact (the plus side) is
  deposited onto the glass plate. On top of that
  layer, the CIGS film, which absorbs the light, is
  evaporated. Two very thin films of cadmium
  sulfide (CdS) zinc oxide (ZnO) are then put on
  top of the CIGS, the solar cell is completed by
  a layer of aluminium doped zinc oxide (ZnOAl).
• Module several cells connected in series to get
  a voltage gt 1 V. Current is decided by the
  surface area the number of cells in parallel.
  Module complete unit with many cells in series
  parallel
• CIGS modules can be manufactured with high
  efficiency. 16,6 world record for thin-film
  modules (Ångström lab)
• CIGS technology has the potential of low cost.
  Total thickness of the solar cell layers is 3
  micrometers, lower costs than the technologies
  that dominate the market today (silicon)

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Research, development and demonstration on
renewable energy in Sweden 1975 - 2002
Solar
Wind
Biomass
Other
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The Swedish Farmers Association Energy Scenario
2020February 2005
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Potential of renewable energy (TWh)
according to the energy scenario 2020 by the
Swedish Farmers Association (LRF)
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Long term potential from agriculture(TWh)
according to the energy scenario 2020 by the
Swedish Farmers Association (LRF)
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But

• The price of oil affects this!
• (80 120 ) !!!!
• Greater potential
• More efforts

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Short term RD priority

• Energy systems and energy supply on farm level
• Energy efficiency
• Heat CHP production (grain, straw, biogas)
• Solar heating as a complement to biomass
• Energy crops /Biomass resources for the heating
  market
• Straw equipment, logistics market potential
• Grain sintering, corrosion, emissions, logistics
• Salix (willow) advice strategies for increasing
  cultivation profitability
• Reed canary grass market, economy, management
• Hemp technology, market, economy, legal
  framework
• Energy crops for biofuels
• Crops/varieties for ethanol, RME biogas
• Reduce cultivation- machinery costs for crop
  production
• Optimal bi-product value
• The farmer as an energy contractor and supplier
• Business management models for co-operations
• Key to success transfer

from Å.Nordberg, JTI
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Approximate energy budget example Sweden 2020

• Total use today 400 TWh
• Hydropower 65 TWh
• Biomass 200 TWh
• Wind 10 TWh
• Solar, wave, etc. 10 TWh
• Increased efficiency 125 TWh
• Is this possible??
• Nuclear power???

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ProposalRenewable energy policy

• Replace fossil fuel with renewable energy
• Increase efficiency in all energy use (energy
  savings)
• Agriculture should be self-sufficient a
  deliverer of energy (new job opportunities)
  Forestry
• Solar energy should be a large, perhaps the
  largest source for heat electricity
• Potential of wave, water wind energy to be
  fully utilized
• National policies must promote renewables

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Thank you for your attention!