Childhood Disorders

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Psychological Disorders
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Warnings

• Dangers of Categorization
• Dangers of Labeling

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How do we determine what is Normal?

• Facts or Values?
• Statistics?
• Social Norms?
• Harm to Self?
• Harm to Society?

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Psychological Disorders

• Psychological Disorder
• a harmful dysfunction in which behavior is
  judged to be
• atypical- not enough in itself
• disturbing- varies with time culture
• maladaptive- harmful
• unjustifiable- sometimes theres a good reason

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Historical Perspective

• Perceived Causes
• movements of sun or moon
• lunacy- full moon
• evil spirits
• Ancient Treatments
• exorcism, caged like animals, beaten, burned,
  castrated, mutilated, blood replaced with
  animals blood

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Psychological Disorders

• Medical Model
• concept that diseases have physical causes
• can be diagnosed, treated, and in most cases,
  cured
• assumes that these mental illnesses can be
  diagnosed on the basis of their symptoms and
  cured through therapy, which may include
  treatment in a psychiatric hospital

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Psychological Disorders

• Bio-psycho-social Perspective
• assumes that biological, sociocultural, and
  psychological factors combine and interact to
  produce psychological disorders

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Psychological Disorders- Etiology

• DSM-IV
• American Psychiatric Associations Diagnostic and
  Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Fourth
  Edition)
• a widely used system for classifying
  psychological disorders

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Psychological Diseases Disorders

• DSM-IV diagnoses
• http//www.psychnet-uk.com/dsm_iv/_misc/complete_t
  ables.htm

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Psychological Disorders- Etiology

• Neurotic disorder (term seldom used now)
• usually distressing but that allows one to think
  rationally and function socially
• Freud saw the neurotic disorders as ways of
  dealing with anxiety
• Psychotic disorder
• person loses contact with reality
• experiences irrational ideas and distorted
  perceptions

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Childhood Disorders

• Disruptive Behavior Disorders
• Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
• Conduct Disorder
• Learning Communication Disorders
• Mental Retardation
• Autism

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Brain Injuries

• Infections
• Trauma
• (CVA) Strokes
• Tumors
• Degenerative Disorders
• Nutritional Deficiencies
• Endocrine Disorders
• Toxic Disorders
• Epilepsies

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Mood Disorders

• Major Depressive Episodes
• Manic Episodes
• Major Depression Disorder
• Bipolar Disorder
• Dysthymic Disorder
• Cyclothymic Disorder

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Mood Disorders

• Mood Disorders
• characterized by emotional extremes
• Major Depressive Disorder
• a mood disorder in which a person, for no
  apparent reason, experiences two or more weeks of
  depressed moods, feelings of worthlessness, and
  diminished interest or pleasure in most activities

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Mood Disorders

• Manic Episode
• a mood disorder marked by a hyperactive, wildly
  optimistic state
• Bipolar Disorder
• a mood disorder in which the person alternates
  between the hopelessness and lethargy of
  depression and the overexcited state of mania
• formerly called manic-depressive disorder

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Mood Disorders-Depression
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Mood Disorders- Suicide
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Mood Disorders-Suicide

• Increasing rates of teen suicide

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Mood Disorders-Depression
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Mood Disorders-Depression

• A happy or depressed mood strongly influences
  peoples ratings of their own behavior

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Mood Disorders-Depression

• Altering any one component of the
  chemistry-cognition-mood circuit can alter the
  others

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• These positron emission tomography scans of
  the brain of a person with bipolar disorder show
  the individual shifting from depression, top row,
  to mania, middle row, and back to depression,
  bottom row, over the course of 10 days. Blue and
  green indicate low levels of brain activity,
  while red, orange, and yellow indicate high
  levels of brain activity.

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Mood Disorders-Bipolar

• PET scans show that brain energy consumption
  rises and falls with emotional swings

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Anxiety Disorders

• Panic Disorder
• Generalized Anxiety Disorder
• Phobias
• Obsessive Compulsive Disorder
• Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

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Anxiety Disorders

• Anxiety Disorders
• distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive
  behaviors that reduce anxiety
• Generalized Anxiety Disorder
• person is tense, apprehensive, and in a state of
  autonomic nervous system arousal
• Phobia
• persistent, irrational fear of a specific object
  or situation

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Anxiety Disorders

• Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
• characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts
  (obsessions) and/or actions (compulsions)
• Panic Disorder
• marked by a minutes-long episode of intense dread
  in which a person experiences terror and
  accompanying chest pain, choking, or other
  frightening sensation

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Anxiety Disorders

• PET Scan of brain of person with Obsessive/
  Compulsive disorder
• High metabolic activity (red) in frontal lobe
  areas involved with directing attention

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Anxiety Disorders

• Common and uncommon fears

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Anxiety Disorders
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Dissociative Disorders

• Dissociative Amnesia
• Dissociative Fugue
• Dissociative Identity Disorder
• Depersonalization Disorder

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Dissociative Disorders

• Dissociative Disorders
• conscious awareness becomes separated
  (dissociated) from previous memories, thoughts,
  and feelings
• Dissociative Identity Disorder
• rare dissociative disorder in which a person
  exhibits two or more distinct and alternating
  personalities
• formerly called multiple personality disorder

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Somatoform Disorders

• Body Dismorphic Disorder
• Hypochondriasis
• Somatization Disorder
• Pain Disorder
• Conversion Disorder
• Eating Disorders

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Eating Disorders

• Anorexia Nervosa
• Bulimia Nervosa
• Binge Eating

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Women with abnormal eating habits were asked to
rate their body shape on a scale similar to the
one you see here. As a group, they chose ideal
figures much thinner than what they thought their
current weights were. (Most women say they want
to be thinner than they currently are, but to a
lesser degree than women with eating problems.)
Notice that the women with eating problems chose
an ideal weight that was even thinner than what
they thought men prefer. This is not typical of
most women. In this study, only women with eating
problems wanted to be thinner than what they
thought men find attractive (Zellner, Harner,
Adler, 1989).
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Psychoses

• Schizophrenia
• Disorganized Schizophrenia
• Catatonic Schizophrenia
• Paranoid Schizophrenia
• Delusional Disorder

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Schizophrenia

• Schizophrenia
• literal translation split mind
• a group of severe disorders characterized by
• disorganized and delusional thinking
• disturbed perceptions
• inappropriate emotions and actions

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Schizophrenia

• Delusions
• false beliefs, often of persecution or grandeur,
  that may accompany psychotic disorders
• Hallucinations
• false sensory experiences such as seeing
  something without any external visual stimulus

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Schizophrenia
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Schizophrenia
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Personality Disorders

• Paranoid
• Schizotypal
• Schizoid
• Borderline
• Antisocial
• Narcissistic
• Avoidant
• Dependent
• Obsessive-Compulsive
• Histrionic

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Personality Disorders

• Personality Disorders
• disorders characterized by inflexible and
  enduring behavior patterns that impair social
  functioning
• usually without anxiety, depression, or delusions

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Personality Disorders

• Antisocial Personality Disorder
• disorder in which the person (usually man)
  exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing,
  even toward friends and family members
• may be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con
  artist

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Personality Disorders

• PET scans illustrate reduced activation in a
  murderers frontal cortex

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Causes of Psychological Diseases Disorders

• Genetic Predisposition
• Environmental Stress
• Injury

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Personality Disorders
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Rates of Psychological Disorders
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PerspectivesTheories, Methods, Treatments

• Medical/Neurobiological
• Psychodynamic
• Behaviorist
• Socio-cultural
• Cognitive

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