GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS IN CHINA

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GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS IN CHINA

• Let China sleep. For when China wakes, it will
  shake the world.
• Napoleon Bonaparte

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Government and Politics in China

• History of isolation.
• China today is one of the remaining communist
  countries with no indication of renouncing it.
• China is emerging as a world power.
• Membership in the WTO
• Interaction with other countries
• Active in the United Nations

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Government and Politics in China

• China goes outside its borders for investments,
  labor supplies, and raw materials.
• Highly industrialized. Large exports.
• Steadily moving toward capitalism but highly
  authoritarian government remains.
• Marketization and democracy do not always go hand
  in hand.

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SOVEREIGNTY, AUTHORITY AND POWER

• Dynastic Cycles long periods of rule by a
  family.
• Chaos when family loses its power.
• Challenged by other ultimately successful
  families that create a new dynasty.
• Mandate of Heaven right to rule by collective
  ancestral wisdom. Empire is guided by the
  heavens above.

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SOVEREIGNTY, AUTHORITY AND POWER

• Public authority rested in the hands of the
  Emperor and an elaborate bureaucracy.
• Highly centralized power.
• 1949 Mao Zedong took over China and created a
  communist state.
• Current constitution not a major source of
  legitimacy because of authoritarianism.

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MAO ZEDONG
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SOVEREIGNTY, AUTHORITY AND POWER

• LEGITIMACY
• Dynastic legitimacy established from the mandate
  of heaven.
• Weakening authority of the Emperor meant that the
  mandate of heaven had left him.
• The Revolution of 1911
• Created the Chinese Republic
• Sun Yat-sen was first president.
• Democratic legitimacy rested with popular
  government.
• Regional warlords challenged the government.

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SOVEREIGNTY, AUTHORITY AND POWER

• LEGITIMACY
• Mao Zedong emerged with a version of authority
  known as Maoism.
• The Peoples Republic of China established in
  1949.
• Mao led the Communist Party until his death in
  1976.

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SOVEREIGNTY, AUTHORITY AND POWER

• LEGITIMACY
• MAOISM
• Idealistic and egalitarian
• Endorsed centralized power
• Mass Line communication by leaders with
  ordinary citizens to strengthen legitimacy.

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SOVEREIGNTY, AUTHORITY AND POWER

• LEGITIMACY
• The Politburo of the Communist party remains the
  legitimate source of power in China.
• Criticized in recent years because of corruption.
• Communist leaders do not appear to be loosening
  its hold on the government and economy.
• Central Military Commission military
  representation in the government. Role in
  policymaking.

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SOVEREIGNTY, AUTHORITY AND POWER

• HISTORICAL TRADITIONS
• Dynastic influences on modern political system
  include 5 elements.
• 1. Authoritarian Power Emperors had to face
  challenges just as the politburo faces
  decentralization.
• 2. Confucianism Important since 6th century.
  Democratic Centralism is the communist belief in
  a small group of leaders who rule for the good of
  the people.

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SOVEREIGNTY, AUTHORITY AND POWER

• HISTORICAL TRADITIONS
• Bureaucratic Hierarchy Based on Scholarship.
• Highly organized bureaucracies of elites educated
  in Confucian scholarship.
• Candidates subjected to an examination system
  that was knowledge based in Confucian philosophy.
• Major separation in Ancient China was between a
  large peasant population and the bureaucratic
  elite.

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SOVEREIGNTY, AUTHORITY AND POWER

• HISTORICAL TRADITIONS
• 4. The Middle Kingdom (zhong-guo)
• Center of Civilization
• Foreigners seen as barbarians
• Other civilizations inferior to China
• No one else has much to offer China
• Ideology has been challenged but not destroyed.

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SOVEREIGNTY, AUTHORITY AND POWER

• HISTORICAL TRADITIONS
• 5. Communist Ideologies
• Deng Xiaoping Theory
• Late 20th Century influence
• Practical mix of authoritarian political control
  and economic privatization.

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SOVEREIGNTY, AUTHORITY AND POWER

• POLITICAL CULTURE
• Geographic Influences (isolationism)
• Access to oceans/ice free ports
• Many large and navigable rivers (high population
  areas)
• Major geographical/climate splits between the
  north and south. (has created a cultural split
  between north and south)
• Geographic isolation of the western part of the
  country
• Mountain ranges, deserts, and oceans that
  separate China from other countries.

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SOVEREIGNTY, AUTHORITY AND POWER

• POLITICAL CULTURE
• Historical Eras
• 1. Dynastic Rule Confucian values of order,
  harmony, and hierarchy (superior and subservient
  positions. Created ethnocentrism (Middle
  Kingdom)
• 2. Resistance to Imperialism Nationalism has
  resisted imperialism by European Nations and
  Japan. Hatred of Foreign Devils has created
  cautious dealings with capitalist countries today.

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SOVEREIGNTY, AUTHORITY AND POWER

• POLITICAL CULTURE
• Historical Eras
• 3. Maoism Mao resisted the inequality implied
  by Leninism. Mao believed in strength of the
  peasant and centered his philosophy on 5 central
  values
• 1. Collectivism The good of the Community over
  the individual.
• 2. Struggle and Activism pursue values of
  socialism.
• 3. Mass Line Communication between party
  leaders and the people.
• 4. Egalitarianism
• 5. Self Reliance Rely on own talents to
  contribute to community.

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SOVEREIGNTY, AUTHORITY AND POWER

• Historical Eras
• 4. Deng Xiaoping Theory
• Deng Xaioping ruled from 1978-1997
• Dont worry about whether a policy of capitalist
  or socialist as long as it improved the economy.
• Combination of socialist planning and the
  capitalist free market.
• The party should supervise all
• No allowances made for individual freedoms and/or
  democracy
• It doesnt matter whether a cat is black or
  white, as long as it catches mice.

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SOVEREIGNTY, AUTHORITY AND POWER

• Historical Eras
• Importance of Informal Relationships
• who has connections to whom is more important
  than position.
• Based on the Long March (1934-1936) Mao Zedong
  is chased by Chiang Kai-sheks nationalist army.
• Important to study the current leaders
  relationship with leaders of the past.

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The Long March
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POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC CHANGE

• Long and stable political history until 20th
  century upheavals created regime change.
• Regional hegemony (control of surrounding
  countries) emerged early making China one of the
  most influential political systems in the world
  for many centuries.
• Dynastic cycles (seizure of control, strong
  growth and then decline) lasted until early 20th
  century.
• 20th century change was radical, violent, and
  chaotic leading to communism.

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POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC CHANGE

• Change before 1949
• Two disruptive influences threatened stability
  and challenged modern China
• 1. Control by Imperialistic Nations
• Quing Dynasty fell to imperialism from England,
  Germany, France and Japan.
• Carved China into spheres of influence creating
  a hatred for the foreign devils and eventually
  rebellion against them.

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POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC CHANGE

• Change before 1949
• 2. Revolutionary Upheavals
• Revolutions in 1911 and 1949
• Three themes dominated the revolutionary era
• 1. Nationalism Reclaim strength and power lost
  during imperialist era. 1911 Revolution led by
  Sun Yat-sen successfully reestablished China as
  an independent country.
• 2. Establishing a New Political Community
  Chiang Kai-Shek founded the Nationalist party
  (Guomindang) and Mao Zedong created the Chinese
  Communist Party

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POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC CHANGE

• Change before 1949
• Three themes dominated the revolutionary era
• 3. Socioeconomic Development
• Challenge was to recover from years of
  Imperialism
• Soviet Union served as a model for policymaking
• Nationalists broke with them in 1928
• Chiang Kai-Shek became president of China
• Mao Zedong and communist party were defeated

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POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC CHANGE

• The Legend of the Long March (1934-1936)
• Resulted in strength for Mao and the Communist
  Party.
• Chiang and the Socialists pursued Mao and the
  Communists throughout China to defeat them.
• Chiangs attention turned when Japan invaded
  China.
• Mao became a hero to the people and in 1949, he
  and his loyal friends on the March created the
  Peoples Republic of China
• Chiang and the Socialists retreated to Taiwan.

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POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC CHANGE

• Founding of the Peoples Republic of China
• After WWII, civil war broke out between the
  forces of Mao against the forces of Chiang.
• Mao prevailed in 1949 Chiang retreats to Taiwan
  (Formosa).
• Mao establishes the Peoples Republic of China
  and Chiang claimed his was the true government
  from Taiwan.
• This created the Two Chinas
• PRC was not recognized by the UN until 1972.

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POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC CHANGE

• Two Phases of PRC Political Development
• 1. The Soviet Model (1949-1957)
• Mao was supported by USSR since the 1920s
• USSR poured money and expertise into PRC.
• Mao and CCP turned attention to three areas
• 1. Land Reform Redistribution of property
• 2. Civil Reform Elimination of opium
  addiction womens rights.
• 3. Five Year Plans (1953-1957) nationalization
  of industry and collectivization of agriculture.

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POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC CHANGE

• Two Phases of PRC Political Development
• 2. The Great Leap Forward (Unsuccessful)
• Nationalism and inequality are driving forces
• Attempt to transform to egalitarian society
• Emphasis mainly economic based on four
  principles
• 1. All Around Development Industry AND
  Agriculture
• 2. Mass Mobilization- Work harder, less
  unemployment
• 3. Political Unanimity and zeal- emphasis on
  party workers running gov. CADRES low level
  party workers spurred people to work as hard as
  they could
• 4. Decentralization Less central control

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POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC CHANGE

• The Cultural Revolution (1966-1976)
• Political, social, and economic change.
• Goal was to purify the party and country through
  radical transformation.
• Five Principles
• 1. Ethic of Struggle
• 2. Mass Line
• 3. Collectivism
• 4. Egalitarianism
• 5. Unstinting Service to Society

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POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC CHANGE

• The Cultural Revolution (1966-1976)
• Primary goal was to remove all vestiges of old
  China and its hierarchical bureaucracy and
  emphasis on inequality.
• Universities and libraries destroyed
• Emphasis on elementary education (reading and
  writing)
• Education that created inequality was targeted
  for destruction.

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POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC CHANGE

• Mao died in 1976 dividing his followers into
  three factions
• 1. Radicals Led by Jiang Qing (Mrs. Mao)
  supporting the Cultural Revolution.
• 2. Military Led by Bin Biao, traditional
  policymaking body.
• 3. Moderates Led by Zhou Enlai Economic
  modernization and limited contact with other
  countries. Nixon 1972 visit.

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POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC CHANGE

• Deng Xiaopings Modernizations (1976-1997)
• Zhou Enlais Moderates gained control.
• 1978, Deng Xiaoping emerged as leader.
• Four Modernizations encouraged were industry,
  agriculture, science, and the military.
• New Direction includes
• 1. Open Door trade policy- Trade with everyone
• 2. Reforms in Education- Higher standards
  higher education
• 3. Institutionalization of the Revolution-
  restoring the legal system and bureaucracy of old
  China, decentralizing the government, modifying
  elections and infusion of capitalism.

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CITIZENS, SOCIETY, AND THE STATE

• With transition to a market based economy,
  transformations are happening in the
  citizen-state relationship.
• Most no longer see Communism as central to their
  lives.
• Patriotism and traditional pride are encouraged
  by the Communist Party.

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CITIZENS, SOCIETY, AND THE STATE

• Ethnic Cleavages
• Han Chinese primary ethnic population
• PRC population is about 8 minority.
• Autonomous Areas (such as Tibet and Xinjiang)
  make up 60 of Chinas territory with long
  resistance to the Chinese government.
• 55 recognized minority groups
• Most minorities live along borders with other
  countries.
• Chinese worry that they will demand independence
  such as Tibet.
• Uighurs- Muslim group who want to create a
  separate Islamic state. Will resort to violence.

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CITIZENS, SOCIETY, AND THE STATE

• Ethnic Cleavages
• 100 million in minority groups.
• Language
• Communist regime has tried to make Mandarin the
  official language of government and education.
• Dialects remain in Chinese society centralized
  state has a hard time imposing its will on huge
  territorial spaces.

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CITIZENS, SOCIETY, AND THE STATE

• Rural Urban Cleavages
• Massive economic growth in cities.
• Increased gap in incomes has between rural and
  urban areas.
• Some call the divide between rural and urban
  areas as the new two Chinas
• Increased protesting in rural areas govt is not
  looking out for rural areas
• 2006- PM Wen Jiabao announced new emphasis on a
  new socialist countryside to lift the lagging
  rural economy.

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POLITICAL PARTICIPATION

• Pre-1949 citizens were seen as subjects of the
  government not participants in a political
  system
• Communists created a relationship between the CCP
  and the citizens.
• Old traditions of personal ties and relationships
  still mold the political processes and influence
  actions and beliefs of elites and citizens.
• Recently, social movements supporting democracy,
  religion, and community ties over nationalism has
  influenced Chinese politics and has defined
  relationships with other countries.

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POLITICAL PARTICIPATION

• Party and Participation
• Chinese Communist Party (CCP) Largest political
  party in the world. (58 million )
• Small minority of the total population
• Only 8 of population are members.
• CCPs Youth League is increasing party membership
  numbers. By 2005, 70 million are members of the
  Youth League.

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POLITICAL PARTICIPATION

• Party and Participation
• Dengs reforms have replaced the old Cadres with
  technocrats (technical training, high ranking
  members in party bureaucracy) who are
  increasingly leading the party.
• Less than 40 of membership is from peasantry.
• Officials, intellectuals, technicians, and
  professionals are the fastest growing membership
  category.
• Women make up 20 of the membership.
• Capitalists can now become members (since 2001)

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POLITICAL PARTICIPATION

• Growth of Civil Society
• Civil Society is increasing in part because the
  party cannot control modern communications
  systems (cell phones, fax, tv satellite dishes,
  and internet)
• Civil Society private organizations that may or
  may not directly challenge the authority of the
  state. They focus on social problems (AIDS,
  environment, legal reform)

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POLITICAL PARTICIPATION

• Growth of Civil Society
• Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) are now
  allowed to register with the government.
• Thousands of NGOs are now registered.
• Increasing tolerance of religion has led to
  rebounding Christianity and Buddhism.
• 1999-2001 Evidence of increased government
  crackdown on religion found in suppression of
  religious movement Falon Gong.

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POLITICAL PARTICIPATION

• Protests
• Tiananmen Square Massacre (1989)
• Limits to protest in China
• Message by the government is that democratic
  movements that defy party leadership will not be
  tolerated.
• Protests have been increasing in China that may
  pose serious threats to the CCP in the near
  future
• END OF 1ST HALF - CHINA

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POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS

• Authoritarian Decisions are made by political
  elites chosen from the CCP.
• Decentralization Devolution of power to
  subnational governments. Expansive land.
• CCP controls government structures.
• Military is important in political hierarchy.

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POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS

• CHINESE COMMUNIST PARTY (CCP)
• Legitimacy from historical best interests of all
  people.
• Organization of CCP
• Hierarchy at all levels (village/township,
  county, province and nation.
• Leader is called General Secretary
• Party has separate constitution than government.

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POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS

• Organization of CCP
• Central Party Congress
• 2000 members
• Meets every 5 years
• Rubber stamps party leader decisions
• Little policymaking ability

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POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS

• Organization of CCP
• Central Committee
• 340 members
• Meet annually for one week
• Carries on business of the National Party
  Congress between meetings
• Limited policymaking powers
• Meetings are called PLENUMS
• Members of the politburo are chosen from this
  group.

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POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS

• Organization of CCP
• Politburo/Standing Committee
• Top of CCP structure
• Chosen by the Central Committee
• Decisions dictate government policy
• 24 members
• Standing Committee has 7 members
• Secret meetings

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POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS

• NON COMMUNIST PARTIES
• CCP allows 8 democratic parties
• ½ million membership
• Controlled by CCP and they do not challenge CCP
  candidates.
• Advisors to party leaders.
• Independent party organization not allowed by CCP

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POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS

• ELECTIONS
• CCP controls elections
• Direct elections only at local level
• Peoples Congresses at higher levels chosen by
  lower level Congresses.
• Local level elections moving toward democratic
  elections.

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POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS

• THE POLITICAL ELITE
• Personal connections or GUANXI holds Chinese
  politics together.
• Nomenklatura system of choosing cadreas from
  lower levels for advancement based on loyalty and
  contributions to the party.

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POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS

• FACTIONALISM
• Factions have split in three ways
• 1. Conservatives
• Strong party power
• No democracy or independent organizations.
• Li Peng has been most prominent leader
• Since 2003, leadership of this faction has been
  weak.

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POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS

• FACTIONALISM
• Factions have split in three ways
• 2. Reformers/Open Door
• Supports capitalist economy and open door trade,
  membership in WTO and trade with the US.
• Focus is economic growth and development, not
  democracy.
• Leaders include Jiang Zemin, Zhu Rongji.
• Current president Hu Jianto and PM Wen Jiabao are
  in this faction.

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POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS

• FACTIONALISM
• Factions have split in three ways
• 3. Liberals
• Accept political liberties and democratic
  movements
• Support economic and political reform
• Faction Leader Hu Youbangs death in 1989 led to
  Tiananmen Square incident.
• Zhao Ziyang also a leader of this faction.
• No power since Tiananmen Square.
• Fang-shou seen in all factions is a cycle of
  tightening up and loosening up.

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POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS

• CORRUPTION
• Corruption in a major problem because of guanxi
  and economic boom.
• Corruption is a threat to the CCP.
• 2007 Tainted food, health products, and drugs
  on world market. Leader of regulating agency was
  arrested, convicted, and executed.

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POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS

• INTEREST GROUPS
• Not permitted to influence policymaking unless
  controlled by the CCP.
• CCP forms mass organizations around demographics
  like occupation or social categories.
• Danwei social units based on place of work.
• More independent groups are forming.
• State Corporatism is seen in the states
  relationship with these organizations.

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POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS

• INSTITUTIONS OF GOVERNMENT
• Parallel Hierarchies that are separate but
  interact with each other
• Chinese Communist Party
• The State or Government
• The Peoples Liberation Army
• Dual Role relationship between the party and
  the government. CCP uses vertical supervision.

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POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS

• STRUCTURE OF GOVERNMENT
• The Peoples Congresses
• Top level of government
• Chooses the president and vice-president.
• Announces Politburo decisions at meetings.
• Introduces new leaders of China to the world.
• The Executive/Bureaucracy
• President and VP serve 5 year terms, limited to
  two terms, must be 45 years old.
• Hu Jintao is president and general secretary of
  CCP
• Premier is head of government appointed by
  president.
• Wen Jiabao is currently premier. He directs the
  State Council
• Bureaucracy is at all levels. Lower level
  positions held by cadres (officials and party
  members paid by govt.)

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POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS

• STRUCTURE OF GOVERNMENT
• The Judiciary
• Four tiered Peoples Court
• Peoples Procuratorate nationwide organization
  that provides prosecutors and defenders to the
  courts.
• New law code introduced
• No judicial review
• Judicial system is subservient to the CCP
• 99 conviction rate with long prison terms and
  many executions.

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POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS

• INSTITUTIONS OF GOVERNMENT
• The Peoples Liberation Army (PLA)
• All ground, air, and naval armed services.
• 3 million active and 12 million reserves.
• Important influence on politics and policy.
• CENTRAL MILITARY COMMISSION representative
  group to the government led by many party
  leaders.

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POLICYMAKING AND POLITICAL ISSUES

• Since 1979 policymaking has been focused on
  reconciling centralized political authority with
  marketization and privatization of the economy.
• China appears to be creating a capitalistic
  system with authoritarianism.

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POLICYMAKING AND POLITICAL ISSUES

• POLICYMAKING PROCESS FANG-SHOU
• Fang-Shou Letting go, tightening up cycle.
• Three types of actions/policies
• Economic Reform with demand for political
  reforms)
• Letting go (democratic movements and economic
  reform)
• Tightening up by the CCP with force.
• See Chart on Page 157

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POLICYMAKING AND POLITICAL ISSUES

• POLICY ISSUES THREE CATEGORIES
• 1. Democracy and Human Rights
• Some input from the National Peoples Congress is
  accepted by the Politburo.
• More emphasis on laws and legal procedures.
• Protestors in Tiananmen Square in 1989 demanded
  democratic reforms and criticized corruption.
• Peoples Liberation Army sent to shut down the
  demonstration resulting in hundreds killed by the
  PLA.
• International human rights organizations has
  condemned China for the incident.

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POLICYMAKING AND POLITICAL ISSUES

• POLICY ISSUES THREE CATEGORIES
• 2. The Rule of Law
• Communist point of view is that law is part of
  politics that the bourgeoisie used to suppress
  the proletariat.
• Communist leaders have never considered the rule
  of law a legitimate principle.
• Legal codes have begun to revive since 1978.
• Corruption has led to an advancement in criminal
  law.
• Procuratorates have grown.
• Chinese criminal justice is harsher than most
  other nations.

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POLICYMAKING AND POLITICAL ISSUES

• POLICY ISSUES THREE CATEGORIES
• 3. CIVIL RIGHTS AND CIVIL LIBERTIES
• It has been assumed that there would be an
  increase of individual civil rights and
  liberties.
• However, there are few signs of change in
  political policies increasing them.

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POLICYMAKING AND POLITICAL ISSUES

• ECONOMIC POLICY
• Iron Rice Bowl Mao called the policy of a
  command economy directed by democratic
  centralism.
• Deng Xiaoping initiated a series of economic
  reforms to make up the socialist market economy
  which is a gradual infusion of capitalism while
  still retaining state control.

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POLICYMAKING AND POLITICAL ISSUES

• ECONOMIC POLICY
• Agricultural Policy
• The Peoples Communes- Collective farms of 250
  families. During the Great Leap Forward, they
  were merged into Peoples Communes of several
  thousand families. Failed due to poor management
  and lack of cooperation by the peasants.
• Household Responsibility System- Early 1989s-
  Replaced the Peoples Communes. Families take
  charge of growing and marketing crops. They pay
  government taxes and contract fees to villages.
  They can keep or sell what they produce. Has
  proven successful.

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POLICYMAKING AND POLITICAL ISSUES

• ECONOMIC POLICY
• Private Business
• Includes urban co-ops, service organizations, and
  rural industries under control of the CCP.
• Private business has been more profitable and
  successful than state-owned business.
• Township and Village Enterprises (rural factories
  and businesses run by local government and
  private entrepreneurs) has become the backbone of
  economic strength in the rural areas. Slowed
  migration of peasants to cities.

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POLICYMAKING AND POLITICAL ISSUES

• ECONOMIC POLICY
• Economic Problems
• 1. Unemployment and Inequality.
• Marketization has brought high levels of
  unemployment.
• Hope is that a booming economy will take care of
  the unemployment problem.
• Some have grown very rich while others remain
  poor.
• A FLOATING POPULATION of rural immigrants seeking
  jobs in cities has grown. New migrants are
  blamed with problems in the cities.

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POLICYMAKING AND POLITICAL ISSUES

• ECONOMIC POLICY
• Economic Problems
• 2. Inefficiency of the State Sector
• Today ¾ of industry is privately owned.
• Remaining large state sector is full of
  corruption, inefficiency, and excess workers.
• Government has supported the state sector with
  subsidies.

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POLICYMAKING AND POLITICAL ISSUES

• ECONOMIC POLICY
• Economic Problems
• 3. Pollution
• Air and Water pollution has risen due to
  increased industrialization.
• China has surpassed the US in greenhouse gasses.
• Beijing and Shanghai have some of the most
  polluted air in the world.
• Acid Rain from emissions fall on South Korea and
  Japan.
• Target improvements have not been met.

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POLICYMAKING AND POLITICAL ISSUES

• ECONOMIC POLICY
• Economic Problems
• 4. Product Safety
• 2007- Chinese businesses were caught exporting
  faulty products (poisoned pharmaceuticals,
  dangerous toys, bad dog food, faulty tires, and
  unhealthy shellfish) to other nations.
• Central government has lost control of production.

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POLICYMAKING AND POLITICAL ISSUES

• FOREIGN POLICY AND INTERNATIONAL TRADE
• China has integrated into the world community
  despite threats to invade Taiwan or improve human
  rights.
• Foreign Policy Under Mao
• Support for third world revolutionary movements.
• China broke from USSR in late 1950s from
  dependence to independence.

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POLICYMAKING AND POLITICAL ISSUES

• FOREIGN POLICY AND INTERNATIONAL TRADE
• US/Chinese Relations
• No contact until the early 1970s
• New era with President Nixons visit to China in
  1972.
• Deng Xiaopings leadership led to the open door
  policy for trade with the US.
• Today, the US imports more than it exports from
  China.

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POLICYMAKING AND POLITICAL ISSUES

• FOREIGN POLICY AND INTERNATIONAL TRADE
• International Trade and Business Today
• Special Economic Zones (SEZs)- established in
  1979 creates regions where foreign investors were
  given preferential tax rates and other
  incentives.
• Trade and Industry has expanded since 1978.
• Now a member of the WTO and has most favored
  nation status in trade with the US.
• Deng Xiaoping emphasized economic reform but
  retained command of the country.

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POLICYMAKING AND POLITICAL ISSUES

• FOREIGN POLICY AND INTERNATIONAL TRADE
• Hong Kong
• 1997- Great Britain returned control of Hong Kong
  to China.
• One Country, Two Systems agreement signed in
  1984. Hong Kong under Chinese rule but would
  maintain capitalist and legal systems and way of
  life.
• Hong Kong has same civil liberties as under
  British rule.

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POLICYMAKING AND POLITICAL ISSUES

• FOREIGN POLICY AND INTERNATIONAL TRADE
• Taiwan
• Destination of Chiang Kai-Shek after the Long
  March.
• Claims status as a Republic of China free from
  rule of Communist China.
• China claims that Taiwan is historically and
  legitimately part of China. Taiwan disagrees.
• Divided ideas by Taiwan on how to deal with
  China. Some want defiance, others want
  compromise.
• THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION, YOU ARE NOW
  SCHOLARS IN CHINESE GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS.