Tools for Improving Air Quality: Experience Around the Globe and Lessons for Asia

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Tools for Improving Air Quality Experience
Around the Globe and Lessons for Asia

• Dan Greenbaum
• Health Effects Institute
• BAQ 2004
• Agra, India
• December 7, 2004

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Fitting Air Quality Management Tools to the Task

• The Basics of Air Quality Management
• The Sources
• Measures to reduce pollution
• The Case of Fuels and Mobile Emissions
• Anticipating Growth
• Achieving Cleaner Air AND Economic Growth

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The Committee on Air Quality Management in the
U.S.

• An expert committee of the U.S. National Academy
  of Sciences
• Experts in air chemistry, engineering, economics,
  health, law
• Reviewed 30 years of experience with
• U.S. Clean Air Act
• European, Canadian, and other clean air efforts
• Found substantial progress on Clean Air!
• Identified best methods for ensuring reductions
  in air pollution
• Even while promoting economic growth

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National Academy of Science Air Quality Report
available at http//books.nap.edu/catalog/10728.h
tml
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The Basics of Air Quality Management(U.S. NAS
2004)

• Assessing Status
• Measuring Progress
• AQ Monitoring
• Health Effects

• Setting Standards
• and Objectives
• Ambient AQ Standards
• Critical Ecosystem Loads

• Designing and
• Implementing
• Control Strategies
• Identifying key sources
• Controlling Emissions
• Anticipating Growth

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What are the Sources ? (PM2.5 - US EPA)
Typical Western City
Typical Eastern City
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What are the sources of fine particles? (UK
1999 PM2.5 data)
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What are the sources of fine particles? (Delhi
PM 2.5 (Chowdhury, et al 2003))
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I. What are the Sources?

• There are many sources
• Biomass burning (especially in Asia)
• Stationary (electric power, factories)
• Mobile (diesel, gasoline)
• Their contributions and exposure - vary
• By location
• By region and within region (roadside vs. urban
  vs. background)
• By season
• Comprehensive air quality management addresses
  ALL relevant sources

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II. What are the means to reduce emissions?

• Regulatory Controls
• On the contents of fuels
• On emissions
• Financial Incentives
• For early introduction of fuels and technologies
• For emissions trading to find the least expensive
  reductions
• The tools for reduction must be matched to the
  source
• e.g. trading likely most suitable for stationary
  sources

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A Case Study Mobile Sources

• One of Several Major Sources
• Addressing mobile emissions requires a mix of
  regulatory controls, financial incentives, and
  prevention
• Key components
• Fuels
• Vehicle Emissions
• Anticipating Growth in travel

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Regulatory Controls The Case of Fuels

• Fuels are at center of all combustion sources
• Fuel changes can have immediate benefits for
  entire existing fleet
• Reformulation can improve emissions by
• Removing a specific component
• Reformulating for cleaner combustion and
  technologies
• Several major examples worldwide
• Lead, Benzene, Sulfur

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Lead Progress on Blood Lead Levels (US)
Reduction in Blood Lead Level 1975 to 1999
following elimination of lead in gasoline
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(No Transcript)
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Benzene47 reduction in ambient levels (US)
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Fuel Sulphur Reduction in Hong Kong
On July 1st 1990 the Environmental Protection
Department restricted sulphur to 0.5 by weight
Before
After
Kwai Tsing
Courtesy AJ Hedley
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Air Pollutant Concentrations 1988 - 95
(Half Yearly Mean Levels)
80
Fuel restriction on sulphur
PM10
60
NO2
50 reduction in SO2 after the intervention
SO2
Micrograms per cubic meter
40
O3
20
No change in other pollutants
0
1992
1993
1994
1995
Year
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Reductions In Deaths After Sulphur Restriction
0
-1
-1.6
-2
-1.8
-2.4
Reduction in annual trend
-3
-2.8
-4
-4.2
-5
-4.8
-6
15-64
65
15-64
65
15-64
65
All causes
Cardiovascular
Respiratory
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Financial IncentivesThe Case of Fuels

• Along with controls, economic incentives can
  accelerate introduction of new fuels
• Case Ultra Low Sulfur Diesel (ULSD 10 ppm) in
  Europe
• Tax incentives for early introduction
• Could be designed to be revenue neutral
• Result
• Much earlier introduction of low sulfur diesel
• Makes retrofits and replacement especially in
  congested cities - easier

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Regulatory ControlsThe Case of Vehicle Emissions

• For over 30 years, a major component of air
  pollution reduction programs
• California, U.S. EPA, European Union, Asia
• Must be carefully planned
• Adequate lead time for technology to develop
• Fuels must improve as well
• US NAS Conclusion
• One of most cost-effective programs
• Advanced technology at lower cost

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Evolution of US EPA and EURO Diesel Standards
15 months
Caterpillar, Cummins, Detroit Diesel, Volvo, Mack
Trucks/Renault Navistar
Consent Decree 10/02
EPA
g/bhp-hr
EURO
g/kW-hr
10/05
10/08
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Continued Progress Impact of Mobile Source
Regulations on Diesel PM2.5 (Source EPA)
tons / year
locomotive marine
nonroad
highway
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Progress on Emission Controls in Asia
a Entire country b Delhi and other cities Euro 2
introduced in Mumbai, Kolkata and Chennai in
2001 Euro 2 in Bangalore, Hyderabad, Khampur,
Pune and Ahmedabad in 2003, Euro 3 to be
introduced in Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai,
Bangalore, Hyderabad and Ahmedabad in 2005
C Beijing and Shanghai gfor all types of diesel
vehicles d Gasoline vehicles under
consideration e for gasoline vehicles f for
diesel vehicles
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Financial IncentivesVehicle Emissions

• Along with controls, incentives can accelerate
  technology introduction
• Europe and the catalytic converter
• Purchase and tax incentives for cleaner cars
• Catalysts introduced substantially ahead of
  deadline
• U.S. and hybrid electrics
• Tax credits for hybrid electric purchase
• Incentive for early purchases at technology
  start-up
• Special Challenge for Asia
• Can financial incentives help accelerate
  replacement of older diesel and three wheel
  vehicles?

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III. Anticipating GrowthThe Challenge and the
Opportunity

• Rapid Growth in Worldwide Vehicle Use
• The Challenge
• Standards set on emissions per kilometer
• Increased travel can offset gains
• The Opportunity
• Growing vehicle sales are opportunity to
  introduce/advance technology

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Income and Vehicle Growth in Shanghai
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World Motor Vehicle Population
Motorcycles Commercial Vehicles Cars
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Tsinghua Also Predicts About 200 Million MC By
2030
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Anticipating Growth PLAN FOR IT!

• Transport and land use decisions can either
  worsen or improve air quality
• Road development and location, Rapid Transit,
  Pedestrians
• US Experience (NAS Report)
• transport decisions independent of environment
  for many years
• Since 1990 transportation plans must conform to
  air quality
• Beginning to bring transport and environment
  agencies together
• Challenge for Asia
• To address traffic growth as developed countries
  have (i.e. through more road capacity, flyovers)
• To plan as other developing countries are (e.g.
  Bogota) for integrated transportation, land use
  and environment plans

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Anticipating Growth PLAN FOR IT!

• Even with better transport planning, fuel and
  vehicle air quality reductions will require
• A Continuous Cycle of Improvement
• Implement regulatory and financial incentive
  programs
• Assess progress on technology, air pollution,
  cost
• Revise and refine air quality programs to take
  next steps toward improved air quality
• Special Challenge for Asia
• How to assess and address unique sources
• e.g. three wheelers, motorcycles, old medium-duty
  trucks and buses

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The Basics of Air Quality Management(US. NAS
2004)

• Assessing Status
• Measuring Progress
• AQ Monitoring
• Health Effects

• Setting Standards
• and Objectives
• Ambient AQ Standards
• Critical Ecosystem Loads

• Designing and
• Implementing
• Control Strategies
• Identifying key sources
• Controlling Emissions
• Anticipating Growth

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The Result?Growth and Pollution Reduction can go
hand in hand!
Comparison of growth areas and emission trends.
Source EPA 2002.
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Thank You!Dan Greenbaumwww.healtheffects.org