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Liion batteries

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Ni-Cd batteries do not accept well a high initial charging current, ... Portable NiCd- and Ni-MH-Batteries for Teiecom Applications. J. Heydecke and H.A. Kiehne ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Liion batteries


1
Li-ion batteries
  • Positive electrode Lithiated form of a
    transition metal oxide (lithium cobalt
    oxide-LiCoO2 or lithium manganese oxide LiMn2O4)
  • Negative electrode Carbon (C),
  • usually graphite (C6)
  • Electrolyte solid lithium-salt electrolytes
  • (LiPF6, LiBF4, or LiClO4)
  • and organic solvents (ether)

discharge
http//www.fer.hr/_download/repository/Li-ION.pdf
2
Li-ion batteries
  • Chemical reaction (discharge)
  • Positive electrode
  • Negative electrode
  • Overall
  • In the above reaction x can be 1 or 0
  • With discharge the Co is oxidized from Co3 to
    Co4. The reverse process (reduction) occurs when
    the battery is being charged.

LiCoO2
Li1-xCoO2 xLi xe-
Through electrolyte
Through load
xLi xe- 6C LixC6
LiCoO2 C6
Li1-xCoO2 C6Lx
3
Li-ion batteries
  • Contrary to lead-acid batteries, Li-ion
    batteries do not accept well a high initial
    charging current.
  • In addition, cells in a battery stack needs to
    be equalized to avoid falling below the minimum
    cell voltage of about 2.85 V/cell.
  • Thus, Li-ion batteries need to be charged at
    least initially with a constant-current profile.
    Hence they need a charger
  • Typical float voltage is above 4 V
  • (typically 4.2 V).

Advanced Lithium Ion Battery Charger V.L.
Teofilo, L.V. Merritt and R.P. Hollandsworth
Saft Intensium 3 Li-ion battery
4
Li-ion batteries
  • Effects of temperature

http//www.gpbatteries.com/html/pdf/Li-ion_handboo
k.pdf
5
Li-ion batteries
  • Controlled charging has 2 purposes
  • Limiting the current
  • Equalizing cells

Increased Performance of Battery Packs by Active
Equalization Jonathan W. Kimball, Brian T. Kuhn
and Philip T. Krein
Advanced Lithium Ion Battery Charger V.L.
Teofilo, L.V. Merritt and R.P. Hollandsworth
Saft Intensium 3 Li-ion battery
6
Li-ion batteries
  • Factors affecting life
  • Charging voltage.
  • Temperature
  • Age (time since manufacturing)
  • Degradation process oxidation

7
Li-ion batteries
  • Advantages with respect to lead-acid batteries
  • Less sensitive to high temperatures (specially
    with solid electrolytes)
  • Lighter (compare Li and C with Pb)
  • They do not have deposits every charge/discharge
    cycle (thats why the efficiency is 99)
  • Less cells in series are need to achieve some
    given voltage.
  • Disadvantages
  • Cost

8
Ni-MH batteries
  • Negative electrode Metal Hydride such as AB2
    (Atitanium and/or vanadium, B zirconium or
    nickel, modified with chromium, cobalt, iron,
    and/or manganese) or AB5 (Arare earth mixture of
    lanthanum, cerium, neodymium, praseodymium,
    Bnickel, cobalt, manganese, and/or aluminum)
  • Positive electrode nickel oxyhydroxide
    (NiO(OH))
  • Electrolyte Potassium hydroxide (KOH)

Cobasys batteries
9
Ni-MH batteries
  • Chemical reaction (discharge)
  • Positive electrode
  • Negative electrode
  • Overall
  • The electrolyte is not affected because it does
    not participate in the reaction.

NiO(OH) H2O e- Ni(OH)2
OH-
Through electrolyte
Through load
MH OH- M H2O
e-
NiO(OH) MH
Ni(OH)2 M
10
Ni-MH batteries
  • It is not advisable to charge Ni-MH batteries
    with a constant-voltage method. Ni-MH batteries
    do not accept well a high initial charging
    current.
  • Float voltage is about 1.4 V
  • Minimum voltage is about 1 V.

Cobasys Nigen battery
Saft NHE module battery
11
Ni-MH batteries
  • Effects of temperature

Saft NHE module battery
http//www.panasonic.com/industrial/battery/oem/im
ages/pdf/panasonic_nimh_overview.pdf
12
Ni-MH batteries
  • Advantages
  • Less sensitive to high temperatures than Li-ion
    and Lead-acid
  • Handle abuse (overcharge or over-discharge
    better than Li-ion bat
  • Disadvantages
  • More cells in series are need to achieve some
    given voltage.
  • Cost

13
Ni-Cd batteries
  • Negative electrode Cadmium (Cd) instead of
    the MH in Ni-MH batteries
  • Positive electrode nickel oxyhydroxide
    (NiO(OH)) the same than in Ni-MH
  • batteries
  • Electrolyte Potassium hydroxide
  • (KOH) solution

Saft batteries
14
Ni-Cd batteries
  • Chemical reaction (discharge)
  • Positive electrode
  • Negative electrode
  • Overall
  • The electrolyte is not affected because it does
    not participate in the reaction.

2NiO(OH) 2H2O 2e-
2Ni(OH)2 2OH-
Through electrolyte
Through load
Cd 2OH- Cd(OH)2
2e-
2NiO(OH) Cd 2H2O
2Ni(OH)2 Cd(OH)2
15
Ni-Cd batteries
  • It is not advisable to charge Ni-Cd batteries
    with a constant-voltage method. Ni-Cd batteries
    do not accept well a high initial charging
    current, but they can withstand it sporadically.
  • Float voltage is about 1.4 V
  • Minimum voltage is about 1 V.

Saft Ultima plus
http//www.saftbatteries.com/doc/Documents/telecom
/Cube788/tel_tm_en_0704.26962445-6b1b-44fb-aea7-42
834c32be40.pdf
16
Ni-Cd batteries
  • Effects of temperature

http//www.saftbatteries.com/doc/Documents/telecom
/Cube788/tel_tm_en_0704.26962445-6b1b-44fb-aea7-42
834c32be40.pdf
17
Ni-Cd batteries
  • Due to their better performance at high
    temperatures, Ni-Cd batteries are replacing
    Lead-acid batteries in outdoor stationary
    applications. But, they do not resist hurricanes
    very well, yet(ATTs DLC at Sabine Pass CO,
    Saft NCX batteries)

18
Ni-Cd batteries
  • Advantages
  • Less sensitive to high temperatures than all the
    other batteries
  • Handle some abuse (overcharge or over-discharge
    better than Li-ion bat)
  • Disadvantages
  • More cells in series are need to achieve some
    given voltage.
  • Cost

19
Ni-Cd batteries
  • Comparison with Ni-MH batteries (not much of a
    difference)

Portable NiCd- and Ni-MH-Batteries for Teiecom
Applications J. Heydecke and H.A. Kiehne
20
Battery technologies
Cobasys Inside the Nickel Metal Hydride Battery
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