NORA and the development of institutional repositories in Norway

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NORA and the development of institutional
repositories in Norway

• Arne Jakobsson
• University of Oslo Library
• Library of Medicine and Health Sciences

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Letter to the UHRs member institutions 25.01.05
on Open access to scientific articles

• the Norwegian Association of Higher Education
  Institutions (UHR) recommends that their member
  institutions
• Set up and develop institutional repositories
  which will give an accurate illustration of the
  research carried out at each institution and
  which will make access to this research available
  to all via the Internet
• Cooperate with other institutions with regard to
  a collective publishing archive

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Letter to UHRs member institutions 25.01.05

• Adopt guidelines recommending that authors
  publish their scientific articles in parallel,
  i.e. publish their scientific articles both in
  scientific journals and in the institutional
  repository
• Contribute to solutions which ensure that the
  repositories are closely connected with the
  existing cooperative systems for research
  documentation (FRIDA/ForskDok)

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Student assignments are not included in the
letter from the UHR!

• Universities and university colleges should make
  compulsory the deposit of student assignments
  connected with vocational studies and at
  major/master level in the institutional
  repository

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Not enough with declarations!

• When the UHR letter was sent out in January 2005
  to the various universities and university
  colleges there were only 3 active repositories in
  Norway
• Oslo
• Trondheim
• Bergen
• The recipients did not really know how to proceed
• Repositories require competence and continuity
• The library is the natural host
• Libraries have a role in developing and
  supporting mechanisms which make the transition
  to open access publishing by
• establishing and managing institutional
  repositories
• promoting open access journals

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Not enough with declarations!

• Repositories are no longer a technological issue
• Online storage costs have dropped significantly
  repositories are now affordable
• Standards like the Open Archives Initiative -
  Protocol for Metadata Harvesting (OAI-PMH) are
  now in place
• Open source and commercial software platforms are
  available for an institution wishing to develop
  an institutional repository. (DSpace, GNU
  E-Prints, Fedora, OpenRepository and many others)
• The challenge consists of managerial,
  organizational and cultural issues

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Rapid development in Norway

• 10 local repositories with almost 9000 fulltext
  documents
• Agder University College (35)
• Geological Survey of Norway (NGU) (764)
• Hedmark University College (200)
• Norwegian Defence Research Establishment (506)
• Norwegian School of Economics and Business
  Administration (BORA) (1343)
• Norwegian University of Science and Technology
  (DIVA) (570)
• Norwegian University of Life Sciences (62) 
• University of Bergen (BORA) (1227)
• University of Oslo (DUO) (3724)
• University of Tromsø (MUNIN) (267)

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Rapid development in Norway

• 5 out of the 6 universities in Norway have now
  established repositories
• 3 university colleges have established
  repositories
• 2 research institutions have established
  repositories
• The university colleges and BIBSYS have taken the
  initiative in developing a common solution for
  establishing repositories for institutions
  connected with BIBSYS (BIBSYS Brage)
• Hopefully, the Norwegian Electronic Health
  Library (Helsebibliotek.no) will develop an
  institutional repository for the entire health
  sector

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Different technical solutions

• DSpace
• Bergen, Tromsø and BIBSYS Brage
• DIVA
• Trondheim
• Local development
• Oslo
• OpenRepository
• Norwegian Electronic Health Library
• Non OAI-PMH compliant systems
• 2 research institutions

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Different focuses/priorities

• Student theses
• Oslo
• Dissertations
• Trondheim
• Journal articles
• Bergen
• Institutional research reports
• Geological Survey of Norway
• Norwegian Defence Research Establishment
• You have to prioritize
• what your institution wants you to prioritize!

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NORA Norwegian Open Research Archives

• The NORA project is a collaborative project
  between universities and university colleges in
  Norway, aiming to facilitate national search
  services for self-archived research material
• The project is also concerned with advocacy
  issues regarding open access and the
  establishment of institutional repositories in
  Norway
• Financed by the Norwegian Digital Library at the
  Norwegian Archive, Library and Museum Authority
• First project meeting 6th April 2005

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NORA project team

• University of Oslo Library project manager
• NORA developed and operated by University of
  Oslo, IT-department (USIT)
• University Libraries
• Bergen
• Oslo
• Tromsø
• Trondheim
• University College Libraries
• Agder
• Hedmark
• Bodø
• Telemark
• Norwegian School of Economics and Business
  Administration
• BIBSYS (from 2007)
• The National Library of Norway (from 2007)

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Common metadata model forinstitutional
repositories in Norway

• The base of the model is the Dublin Core metadata
  model
• The Nora project has selected eleven out of the
  fifteen original elements in the Dublin Core
  Element Set as part of the Norwegian metadata
  model
• These have been chosen as vital in any
  bibliographical description of scientific
  documents and therefore are many of the elements
  mandatory to register.
• So far the project group has standardized the
  following elements in the metadata model
• Language (ISO 639-2)
• Date formats (MMDDYYYY)
• Personal names
• Publishers names
• Subject category system
• Document type
• Resource type

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Common subject category system

• The Norwegian Nomenclature for Scientific
  Programmes was chosen as the common indexing
  system
• Covers all subject areas and consists of three
  levels
• Used by the Norwegian Current Research
  Information System FRIDA
• A large proportion of the documents in NORA are
  indexed by using the Norwegian Nomenclature for
  Scientific Programmes
• If you choose a word at Level 1 or Level 2, your
  search will automatically check all the
  subdivisions.
• You can choose more than one search term
• Searching/Browsing using the common index terms
  opened December 2006
• Possible to search for documents within a
  specific subject, across all participating
  institutions

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OAI-PMH harvester

• NORA has developed an OAI-PMH harvester
• Harvests and validates metadata to ascertain
  quality of metadata in local repositories
• Data that differs from the metadata standard are
  either normalized, or the data suppliers are
  notified and allowed to correct their metadata
• even if the data come from many different sources
  they will look consistent to the user
• NORA assists local repositories to facilitate for
  metadata harvesting
• If NORA can harvest the local repository, other
  search services can also harvest the repository

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NORA national search service for repositories in
Norway

• Development of the NORA search system
• Oslo University IT-department (USIT)
• User interface design
• Norwegian University of Science and Technology
• Simple search opened 20th June 2005
• 2,5 months after the start of the project
• Advanced search opened September 2005
• traditional bibliographical search or an approach
  similar to Google
• the Google approach was chosen

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NORA is searchable through other portals

• NORA is searchable through other portals
• Http-search
• SRU/SRW will be developed
• BIBSYS Mime
• http//mime.bibsys.no

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Local responsibility

• All Norwegian repositories are invited to
  participate, but they must finance their own
  local development
• As soon as a new repository is launched it will
  be harvested by NORA
• The local institutional repository
• Must be OAI-PMH compliant (Open Archives
  Initiative - Protocol for Metadata Harvesting)
• Must follow the collaborative metadata model
• Must have objects in fulltext or other formats

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FRIDA integrated with the local repositories at
the universities

• FRIDA is the Norwegian research documentation
  system and it is compulsory for scientific staff
  members to register their production (articles)
  in FRIDA
• It is a great challenge to persuade scientific
  staff members to deposit documents in the
  institutional repository
• The local repositories should capture journal
  articles through the local CRIS (FRIDA/ForskDok)
• Researchers should only have to deal with one
  system
• Self-archiving of scientific journal articles
  though FRIDA with automatic transfer of the
  metadata and full text to the local repository at
  the university in Bergen, Oslo, Trondheim and
  Tromsø opened 1st of December 2006

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Voluntary or mandatory self-archiving

• As yet only the University of Oslo has decided to
  make deposition compulsory
• From 2007 it will be mandatory for all
  postgraduate students at the University of Oslo
  to submit their theses electronically

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Advocate open access in Norway

• The NORA Open Access Window is to be the central
  web site for scholarly communication in Norway,
  for students, researchers, librarians and
  decision-makers
• www.openaccess.no
• The NORA Open Access Window is complementary to
  the international Sherpa-list

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Capture documents from small institutions

• Small institutions do not have the resources to
  establish a local repository
• NORA will develop an OAI-PMH editor that
  generates XML-files to NORA
• The fulltext version can be published on an
  institutional web page

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In conclusion

• A rapid development within Norway!
• NORA has made an important contribution!