From Language Typology to English and Spanish Anna Siewierska

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From LanguageTypology to Englishand
SpanishAnna Siewierska Dik Bakker
(Lancaster University)
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Overview Course
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Overview Course
DAY 1. Language Typology Application Contact
Change
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Overview Course
DAY 1. Language Typology Application
Contact Change DAY 2. Word Order Information
Structure
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Overview Course
DAY 1. Language Typology Application
Contact Change DAY 2. Word Order Information
Structure DAY 3. Deixis Anaphora
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Overview Course
DAY 1. Language Typology Application Contact
Change DAY 2. Word Order Information
Structure DAY 3. Deixis Anaphora DAY 4. Voice
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Overview Today
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Overview Today

• Languages of the World

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Overview Today

• Languages of the World
• Genetic groupings

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Overview Today

• Languages of the World
• Genetic groupings
• Areal contact

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Overview Today

• Languages of the World
• Genetic groupings
• Areal contact
• Variation

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Overview Today

• Languages of the World
• Genetic groupings
• Areal contact
• Variation
• Language data

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Overview Today

• Languages of the World
• Genetic groupings
• Areal contact
• Variation
• Language data
• Types

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Overview Today

• Languages of the World
• Genetic groupings
• Areal contact
• Variation
• Language data
• Types
• Universal patterns

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Overview Today

• Languages of the World
• Genetic groupings
• Areal contact
• Variation
• Language data
• Types
• Universal patterns
• Explanation

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Overview Today

• Languages of the World
• Genetic groupings
• Areal contact
• Variation
• Language data
• Types
• Universal patterns
• Explanation
• 2. Standard Average European

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Overview Today

• Languages of the World
• Genetic groupings
• Areal contact
• Variation
• Language data
• Types
• Universal patterns
• Explanation
• 2. Standard Average European
• 3. Application Contact Change in the Americas

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Language
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Overview Today

• Languages of the World
• Genetic groupings

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Language Typology
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Language Typology
GOAL Finding diversity and universality among
the languages of the world.
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Language Typology
Finding diversity and universality among
the languages of the world. Languages
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Language Typology
Finding diversity and universality among
the languages of the world. Languages Extant
?
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Language Typology
Finding diversity and universality among
the languages of the world. Languages Extant
7000
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(No Transcript)
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(No Transcript)
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Language Typology
Finding diversity and universality among
the languages of the world. Languages Extant
7000 Extinct (known) 500 (Ruhlen 1991)
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Language Typology
Finding diversity and universality among
the languages of the world. Languages Extant
7000 Extinct (really) ???
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Language Typology
Finding diversity and universality among
the languages of the world. Languages Extant
7000 Extinct Great Leap 40,000 BP
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Language Typology
Finding diversity and universality among
the languages of the world. Languages Extant
7000 Extinct 40,000 6000 lgs
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Language Typology
Finding diversity and universality among
the languages of the world. Languages Extant
7000 Extinct 40,000/1000 6000 lgs
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Language Typology
Finding diversity and universality among
the languages of the world. Languages Extant
7000 Extinct 40 6000 240,000 lgs
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Language Typology
Finding diversity and universality among
the languages of the world. Languages Extant
7000 Extinct 240,000 (??) Genetic
groupings 20 110
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Genetic groupings
Ruhlen (1991) 5300 languages / 20
families Austric 1,175
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Austric
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Genetic groupings
Ruhlen (1991) 5300 languages / 20
families Austric 1,175 Niger-Kordofenian 1,06
4
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Genetic groupings
Ruhlen (1991) 5300 languages / 20
families Austric 1,175 Niger-Kordofenian 1,06
4 Indo-Pacific 731
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Indo-Pacific
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Genetic groupings
Ruhlen (1991) 5300 languages / 20
families Austric 1,175 Niger-Kordofenian 1,06
4 Indo-Pacific 731 Amerind 581
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Genetic groupings
Ruhlen (1991) 5300 languages / 20
families Austric 1,175 Niger-Kordofenian 1,06
4 Indo-Pacific 731 Amerind 587 Australian
170
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Genetic groupings
Ruhlen (1991) 5300 languages / 20
families Austric 1,175 Niger-Kordofenian 1,06
4 Indo-Pacific 731 Amerind 587 Australian 17
0 ... Khoisan 31
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Genetic groupings
Ruhlen (1991) 5300 languages / 20
families Austric 1,175 Niger-Kordofenian 1,06
4 Indo-Pacific 731 Amerind 587 Australian 17
0 ... Khoisan 31 Eskimo-Aleut 9
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Genetic groupings
Ruhlen (1991) 5300 languages / 20
families Austric 1,175 Niger-Kordofenian 1,06
4 Indo-Pacific 731 Amerind 587 Australian 17
0 ... Khoisan 31 Eskimo-Aleut 9 Isolates 1
0
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Isolates
Ket
Basque
Burushaski
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Genetic groupings
Ruhlen (1991) 5300 languages / 20
families Austric 1,175 Niger-Kordofenian 1,06
4 Indo-Pacific 731 Amerind 587 Australian 17
0 ... Khoisan 31 Eskimo-Aleut 9 Isolates 1
0 Creoles 37
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Creoles
Created as a native language by new learners in a
community where a mixture of languages are
spoken, none being dominant
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Creoles
Created as a native language by new learners in a
community where a mixture of languages are
spoken, none being dominant LEXICON GRAMMAR Fr
ench English Spanish several African
languages Portuguese Dutch
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Creoles
Examples Sranan (Surinam) Bika mi papa no ben
e taki tori.
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Creoles
Examples Sranan (Surinam) Bika mi papa
no ben e taki tori. Because my papa not be
talk story Because my father did not like
shoptalk.
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Creoles
Examples Papiamentu (Curacao) Mi a korta mi
mes na mi man.
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Creoles
Examples Papiamentu (Curacao) Mi a korta
mi mes na mi man. Mi ha cortar mi mismo en
mi mano I cut myself in the hand.
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Creoles
Examples Haitian Jan pren pen an koupe ak
kouto a.
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Creoles
Examples Haitian Jan pren pen an koupe
ak kouto a. Jean prendre pain un couper
avec couteau la Jean cut the bread with the
knife.
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Genetic groupings
Ruhlen (1991) 5300 languages / 20 families / 10
isolates Amerind Indo-European
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Genetic groupings
Ethnologue (2005) 6912 languages / 108 families
/ 31 isolates
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Genetic groupings
Ethnologue (2005) 6912 languages / 108 families
/ 31 isolates Alacalufan Hokan Mixe-Zoque Tuca
noan Algic Huavean Mosetenan Tupi Araucania
n Iroquoian Mura Uru Arawakan
Jivaroan Muskogean Uto-Aztec Arutani
Katukinan Nambiquaran Wakashan AMERIND Aymaran
Keres Oto-Manguean Witotoan Barbacoan
Kiow Quechuan Yanomam Caddoan
Macro-Ge Salishan Yuki Cahuapanan
Maku Salivan Zamucoan Carib Mascoian
Siouan Zaparoan Chapacura Mataco Subtiaba Ch
oco Chibchan Mayan Tacanan Coalhuitecan
Misumalpan Totonacan
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Genetic groupings
Ethnologue (2005) 6912 languages / 108 families
/ 31 isolates Alacalufan Hokan Mixe-Zoque Tuca
noan Algic Huavean Mosetenan Tupi Araucania
n Iroquoian Mura Uru Arawakan
Jivaroan Muskogean Uto-Aztec Arutani
Katukinan Nambiquaran Wakashan AMERIND Aymaran
Keres Oto-Manguean Witotoan (CHILE) Barbacoan
Kiow Quechuan Yanomam Caddoan
Macro-Ge Salishan Yuki Cahuapanan
Maku Salivan Zamucoan Carib Mascoian
Siouan Zaparoan Chapacura Mataco Subtiaba Ch
oco Chibchan Mayan Tacanan Coalhuitecan
Misumalpan Totonacan
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Genetic groupings
Ethnologue (2005) 6912 languages / 108 families
/ 31 isolates CHILE
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Genetic groupings
Ethnologue (2005) 6912 languages / 108 families
/ 31 isolates CHILE Ayamara (Aymaran, 899)
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Genetic groupings
Ethnologue (2005) 6912 languages / 108 families
/ 31 isolates CHILE Ayamara (Aymaran,
899) Huilliche (Araucanian, several 1000)
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Genetic groupings
Ethnologue (2005) 6912 languages / 108 families
/ 31 isolates CHILE Ayamara (Aymaran,
899) Huilliche (Araucanian, several
1000) Kakauhua (Alacalufan, )
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Genetic groupings
Ethnologue (2005) 6912 languages / 108 families
/ 31 isolates CHILE Ayamara (Aymaran,
899) Huilliche (Araucanian, several
1000) Kakauhua (Alacalufan, ) Kawesqar
(Alacalufan, 20)
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Genetic groupings
Ethnologue (2005) 6912 languages / 108 families
/ 31 isolates CHILE Ayamara (Aymaran,
899) Huilliche (Araucanian, several
1000) Kakauhua (Alacalufan, ) Kawesqar
(Alacalufan, 20) Kunza (Unclassified, few)
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Genetic groupings
Ethnologue (2005) 6912 languages / 108 families
/ 31 isolates CHILE Ayamara (Aymaran,
899) Huilliche (Araucanian, several
1000) Kakauhua (Alacalufan, ) Kawesqar
(Alacalufan, 20) Kunza (Unclassified,
few) Mapadungun (Araucanian, 200,000)
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Genetic groupings
Ethnologue (2005) 6912 languages / 108 families
/ 31 isolates CHILE Ayamara (Aymaran,
899) Huilliche (Araucanian, several
1000) Kakauhua (Alacalufan, ) Kawesqar
(Alacalufan, 20) Kunza (Unclassified,
few) Mapadungun (Araucanian, 200,000) Quechuan
(Quechuan, ?)
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Genetic groupings
Ethnologue (2005) 6912 languages / 108 families
/ 31 isolates CHILE Ayamara (Aymaran,
899) Huilliche (Araucanian, several
1000) Kakauhua (Alacalufan, ) Kawesqar
(Alacalufan, 20) Kunza (Unclassified,
few) Mapadungun (Araucanian, 200,000) Quechuan
(Quechuan, ?) Rapa Nui (Austronesian, 2,200)
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Genetic groupings
Ethnologue (2005) 6912 languages / 108 families
/ 31 isolates CHILE Ayamara (Aymaran,
899) Huilliche (Araucanian, several
1000) Kakauhua (Alacalufan, ) Kawesqar
(Alacalufan, 20) Kunza (Unclassified,
few) Mapadungun (Araucanian, 200,000) Quechuan
(Quechuan, ?) Rapa Nui (Austronesian,
2,200) Romani (Indo-European, 500)
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Genetic groupings
Ethnologue (2005) 6912 languages / 108 families
/ 31 isolates CHILE Ayamara (Aymaran,
899) Huilliche (Araucanian, several
1000) Kakauhua (Alacalufan, ) Kawesqar
(Alacalufan, 20) Kunza (Unclassified,
few) Mapadungun (Araucanian, 200,000) Quechuan
(Quechuan, ?) Rapa Nui (Austronesian,
2,200) Romani (Indo-European, 500) Spanish
(Indo-European, 13,800,000)
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Genetic groupings
Ethnologue (2005) 6912 languages / 108 families
/ 31 isolates CHILE Ayamara (Aymaran,
899) Huilliche (Araucanian, several
1000) Kakauhua (Alacalufan, ) Kawesqar
(Alacalufan, 20) Kunza (Unclassified,
few) Mapadungun (Araucanian, 200,000) Quechuan
(Quechuan, ?) Rapa Nui (Austronesian,
2,200) Romani (Indo-European, 500) Spanish
(Indo-European, 13,800,000) Yamana (Isolate, 4)
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Genetic groupings
Ethnologue (2005) 6912 languages / 108 families
/ 31 isolates CHILE Ayamara (Aymaran,
899) Huilliche (Araucanian, several
1000) Kakauhua (Alacalufan, ) Kawesqar
(Alacalufan, 20) Kunza (Unclassified,
few) Mapadungun (Araucanian, 200,000) Quechuan
(Quechuan, ?) Rapa Nui (Austronesian,
2,200) Romani (Indo-European, 500) Spanish
(Indo-European, 13,800,000) Yamana (Isolate,
4) Chilean Sign Language (DSL, ??)
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Genetic groupings
Ethnologue (2005) 6912 languages / 108 families
/ 31 isolates CHILE Ayamara (Aymaran,
899) Huilliche (Araucanian, several
1,000) Kakauhua (Alacalufan, ) Kawesqar
(Alacalufan, 20) Kunza (Unclassified,
few) Mapadungun (Araucanian, 200,000) Quechuan
(Quechuan, ?) Rapa Nui (Austronesian,
2,200) Romani (Indo-European, 500) Spanish
(Indo-European, 13,800,000) Yamana (Isolate,
4) Chilean Sign Language (DSL, ??)
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Genetic groupings
Ethnologue (2005) 6912 languages / 108 families
/ 31 isolates CHILE Ayamara (Aymaran,
899) Huilliche (Araucanian, several
1,000) Kakauhua (Alacalufan, ) Kawesqar
(Alacalufan, 20) Kunza (Unclassified,
few) Mapadungun (Araucanian, 200,000) Quechuan
(Quechuan, ?) Rapa Nui (Austronesian,
2,200) Romani (Indo-European, 500) Spanish
(Indo-European, 13,800,000) Yamana (Isolate,
4) Chilean Sign Language (DSL, ??)

• - 100s moribund
• ( 1 / week)
• 1000s endangered
• (lt 3000 speakers
• most gt 25 years)

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Genetic groupings
Family relationships
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Genetic groupings
Family relationships Genetic reconstruction
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Genetic groupings
Family relationships Genetic reconstruction A.
Basic vocabulary (Swadesh list)
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Swadesh list (24 / 100)
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Swadesh list (24 / 100)
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Swadesh list (24 / 100)
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Swadesh list (24 / 100)
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Swadesh list (24 / 100)
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Swadesh list (24 / 100)
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Swadesh list (24 / 100)
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Genetic reconstruction
SNS GRK LAT GOT ENG
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Genetic reconstruction
SNS GRK LAT GOT ENG pad
pod ped fotus foot
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Genetic reconstruction
SNS GRK LAT GOT ENG pad
pod ped fotus foot pitar pater
pater fadar father
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Genetic reconstruction
SNS GRK LAT GOT ENG pad
pod ped fotus foot pitar pater
pater fadar father panca pente
quinque fimf five
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Genetic reconstruction
SNS GRK LAT GOT ENG pad
pod ped fotus foot pitar pater
pater fadar father panca pente
quinque fimf five Grimms Law stop gt
fricative (p gt f) voice gt -voice (d gt t)
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Genetic reconstruction
SNS GRK LAT GOT ENG pad
pod ped fotus foot pitar pater
pater fadar father panca pente
quinque fimf five Grimms Law stop gt
fricative (p gt f) voice gt -voice (d gt t)
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Genetic reconstruction
SNS pad
FOOT
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Genetic reconstruction
SNS pad LAT ped GOT fotus
FOOT
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Genetic reconstruction
SNS pad LAT ped GOT fotus SP
pie FR pied PRT pe IT
piede RUM picior
FOOT
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Genetic reconstruction
SNS pad LAT ped GOT fotus SP
pie ENG foot FR pied DT voet
(poot!) PRT pe GRM fuss IT
piede DEN fod (pode!) RUM picior SW fot
FOOT
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Genetic groupings

• Family relationships
• Genetic reconstruction
• A. Basic vocabulary (Swadesh list)
• B. Structural relationships

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Structural parameters

• Basic Word Order
• S(ubject) O(bject) V(erb)

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Structural parameters

• Basic Word Order
• SOV (Altaic)

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Structural parameters
SOV Guugu Yimiddir (Australian) Billyngun
gudaa dhuurrngay Billy dog
pushed Billy pushed the dog.'
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Structural parameters

• Basic Word Order
• SOV (Altaic)
• SVO (Indo-European)

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Structural parameters
SVO Spanish (Indo-European) La niña comió
una galleta ART girl ate ART
cookie The girl ate the cookie.
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Structural parameters

• Basic Word Order
• SOV (Altaic)
• SVO (Indo-European)
• VSO (Afro-Asiatic)

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Structural parameters
VSO Tamazight (Afro-Asiatic) Adyawy
umazan tabratt carry messenger
letter The messenger will take the letter.'
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Structural parameters

• Basic Word Order
• SOV (Altaic)
• SVO (Indo-European)
• VSO (Afro-Asiatic)
• VOS (Austronesian)

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Structural parameters
VOS Fijian (Oceanic) A tauva nai
lavo na tagane PART take ART
money ART man The man took the money.'
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Structural parameters

• Basic Word Order
• SOV (Altaic)
• SVO (Indo-European)
• VSO (Afro-Asiatic)
• VOS (Austronesian)
• OVS (Carib)

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Structural parameters
OVS Hixkaryana (Carib) Toto yonoye kamar man
ate jaguar The jaguar ate the man.'
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Structural parameters

• Basic Word Order
• SOV (Altaic)
• SVO (Indo-European)
• VSO (Afro-Asiatic)
• VOS (Austronesian)
• OVS (Carib)
• OSV (Paezan)

106
Structural parameters
OSV Nadeb (Isolate) Tóóh
dab kad awuh wild pig.meat
uncle eat Uncle is eating wild-pig meat.'
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Structural parameters

• Basic Word Order

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Structural parameters

• Basic Word Order
• SOV 47
• SVO 41

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Structural parameters

• Basic Word Order
• SOV 47
• SVO 41
• VSO 8

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Structural parameters

• Basic Word Order
• SOV 47
• SVO 41
• VSO 8
• VOS 3
• OVS 1
• OSV 0.5

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Structural parameters
B. Morphological Type
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Structural parameters

• B. Morphological Type
• Isolating (Sino-Tibetan - Mandarin)

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Structural parameters

• B. Morphological Type
• Isolating (Sino-Tibetan - Mandarin)
• Ta zai tushuguan kan bao
• he at library read newspaper
• He is reading the newspaper at the library.

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Structural parameters

• B. Morphological Type
• Isolating
• Agglutinating (Altaic Turkish)

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Structural parameters

• B. Morphological Type
• Isolating
• Agglutinating (Altaic Turkish)
• Ev-çik-ler-imiz-de
• huis-DIMIN-PL-ons-in
• in our little houses.

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Structural parameters

• B. Morphological Type
• Isolating
• Agglutinating
• Inflecting (Romance Spanish)

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Structural parameters

• B. Morphological Type
• Isolating
• Agglutinating
• Inflecting (Romance Spanish)
• Juan entr-ó
• Juan enter-3.SG.PAST.PERF
• Juan came in.

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Structural parameters

• B. Morphological Type
• Isolating
• Agglutinating
• Inflecting (Romance Spanish)
• Polysynthetic (Tanoan Tiwa)

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Structural parameters

• B. Morphological Type
• Isolating
• Agglutinating
• Inflecting (Romance Spanish)
• Polysynthetic (Tanoan Tiwa)
• In-khwian-wia-che-ban seuanide-ba
• 3SG-dog-give.me-PASS-PAST man-by
• The dog was given to me by the man.

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Language Typology
Finding diversity and universality among
the languages of the world. Languages Extant
7000 Extinct 240,000 (?) Genetic
groupings 20 110
121

• Languages of the World
• Genetic groupings
• Areal contact

122
Language Contact
Nature of contact (cultural, economical,
political)
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Language Contact
Nature of contact (cultural, economical,
political) a. Marginal (few bilinguals) -
some borrowing, mainly lexicon
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Language Contact

• Nature of contact (cultural, economical,
  political)
• a. Marginal (few bilinguals)
• - some borrowing, mainly lexicon
• More intens (much bilingualism)
• - much borrowing, also grammar
• - areal features (Sprachbund)

125
Language Contact

• Nature of contact (cultural, economical,
  political)
• a. Marginal (few bilinguals)
• - some borrowing, mainly lexicon
• More intens (much bilingualism)
• - much borrowing, also grammar
• - areal features (Sprachbund)
• c. Language A dominant over Language B
  (immigration!)
• - Language change in B
• - Loss of language B

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Linguistic Areas
127
Linguistic Areas
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Sprachbund
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SPRACHBUND BALKAN
Hungarian (ugric)
Romanian (romance)
Albanian (alban)
Greek (greek)
Serbian, Croatian, Bulgarian,.. (slavic)
Turkish (altaic)
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Sprachbund Balkan
Intense contact during centuries
Multilingualism
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Sprachbund Balkan

• Intense contact during centuries
  Multilingualism
• Convergence of lexicon and grammar

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Sprachbund Balkan

• Intense contact during centuries
  Multilingualism
• Convergence of lexicon and grammar
• Definiteness marking
• Albanian mik-u friend-the
• Bulgarian trup-at body-the
• Rumanian om-ul man-the

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Sprachbund Balkan

• Intense contact during centuries
  Multilingualism
• Convergence of lexicon and grammar
• Other examples

134
Sprachbund Balkan

• Intense contact during centuries
  Multilingualism
• Convergence of lexicon and grammar
• Other examples
• - No infinitive

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Sprachbund Balkan

• Intense contact during centuries
  Multilingualism
• Convergence of lexicon and grammar
• Other examples
• - No infinitive
• - Two Which Wh1 (identity) Wh2 (quality)

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Sprachbund Balkan

• Intense contact during centuries
  Multilingualism
• Convergence of lexicon and grammar
• Other examples
• - No infinitive
• - Two Which Wh1 (identity) Wh2 (quality)
• - Very free word order

137
SPRACHBUND MESO-AMERICA
OTOMANGUEAN
UTO-AZTECAN
MAYAN
138
Sprachbund Meso-america
Examples of MA Sprachbund features
139
Sprachbund Meso-america

• Examples
• Calques (loan translation)
• lip means also border in many MA languages

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Sprachbund Meso-america

• Examples
• Calques (loan translation)
• lip means also border in many MA languages
• Relational nouns as adpositions
• belly in
• face before
• back after

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Sprachbund Meso-america

• Examples
• Calques (loan translation)
• lip means also border in many MA languages
• Relational nouns as adpositions
• belly in
• face before
• back after (cf. Sp. encima, abajo
• Eng. inside come back)

142
Sprachbund Meso-america

• Examples
• Calques (loan translation)
• lip means also border in many MA languages
• Relational nouns as adpositions
• belly in
• face before
• back after
• Vigesimal numeral system

143
Sprachbund Meso-america

• Examples
• Calques (loan translation)
• lip means also border in many MA languages
• Relational nouns as adpositions
• belly in
• face before
• back after
• Vigesimal numeral system
• ( French quatre vingt dix !!)

144
Sprachbund Meso-america

• Examples
• Calques (loan translation)
• lip means also border in many MA languages
• Relational nouns as adpositions
• belly in
• face before
• back after
• Vigesimal numeral system
• Word order not Verb-final

145
Language Typology
Finding diversity and universality among
the languages of the world. Languages Extant
7000 Extinct 240,000 (?) Genetic
groupings 20 110 Linguistic areas LARGE gt
SMALL
146

• Languages of the World
• Genetic groupings
• Areal contact
• Variation

147
Variation
Finding diversity and universality among
the languages of the world. Languages Extant
7000 Extinct 240,000 (?) Genetic
groupings 20 110 Linguistic areas LARGE gt
SMALL Internal variation ?
148
Variation
Finding diversity and universality among
the languages of the world. Languages Extant
7000 Extinct 240,000 (?) Genetic
groupings 20 110 Linguistic areas LARGE gt
SMALL Internal variation dialects
149
Variation
Finding diversity and universality among
the languages of the world. Languages Extant
7000 Extinct 240,000 (?) Genetic
groupings 20 110 Linguistic areas LARGE gt
SMALL Internal variation dialects gt sociolects
150
Variation
Finding diversity and universality among
the languages of the world. Languages Extant
7000 Extinct 240,000 (?) Genetic
groupings 20 110 Linguistic areas LARGE gt
SMALL Internal variation dialects gt sociolects
gt idiolects
151
Variation
Finding diversity and universality among
the languages of the world. Languages Extant
7000 Extinct 240,000 (?) Genetic
groupings 20 110 Linguistic areas LARGE gt
SMALL Internal variation dialects gt sociolects
gt idiolects
?
6.200.000.000
152
Variation
Dialects Dutch
153
Variation
Dialects Dutch Standard zeven voice
seven
154
Variation
Dialects Dutch Standard zeven voice Am
sterdam saife -voice / diphtongue seven
155
Variation
Dialects Dutch WRITTEN Standard zeven
voice Amsterdam saife -voice /
diphtongue seven
156
Variation
Dialects Spanish
157
Variation
Dialects Spanish Real Academia cien (ceceo
) hundred
158
Variation
Dialects Spanish Real Academia cien (ceceo
) Andalucía/America sien (seseo) hundre
d
159
Variation
Dialects Spanish WRITTEN Real
Academia cien (ceceo) Andalucía/America s
ien (seseo) hundred
160
Variation
Dialects English
161
Variation
Dialects English Lancaster That were me
brother what went to America
162
Variation
Dialects English Lancaster That were me
brother what went to America was my
who
163
Variation
S
164
Variation
G E N E T I C
L
S
165
Variation
G E N E T I C
L
A R E A L
substrate
C
S--
S
166
Variation
G E N E T I C
L
A R E A L
substrate
C
S--
adstrate
S-
A
S
167
Variation
G E N E T I C
L
A R E A L
substrate
C
S--
diachrony
adstrate
S-
A
S
168
Variation
G E N E T I C
L
A R E A L
substrate
C
S--
diachrony
adstrate
S-
A
S
E
169
Variation
G E N E T I C
V A R I A T I O N
L
A R E A L
substrate
C
S--
diachrony
adstrate
S-
A
S1
S
E
S2
S3
170
Variation
G E N E T I C
V A R I A T I O N
L
A R E A L
substrate
C
S--
diachrony
adstrate
S-
A
S1
S
E
S2
S3
S
EE
171
VariationIndo-European
172
Variation Migration
173
Variation Migration
174
Variation Migration
175
Variation Migration
176
Variation
Finding diversity and universality among
the languages of the world. Languages Extant
7000 Extinct 240,000 (?) Genetic
groupings 20 110 Linguistic areas LARGE gt
SMALL Internal variation dialects gt sociolects
gt idiolects
177

• Languages of the World
• Genetic groupings
• Areal contact
• Variation
• Language data

178
Language Typology
Finding diversity and universality among
the languages of the world.
179
Data Collection
Finding diversity and universality among
the languages of the world. Three sources
180
Data Collection
Finding diversity and universality among
the languages of the world. Three
sources Primary data ? Texts (spoken/written),
Internet
181
Data Collection
Finding diversity and universality among
the languages of the world. Three
sources Primary data ? Texts (spoken/written),
Internet PERFORMANCE
182
Data Collection
Finding diversity and universality among
the languages of the world. Three
sources Primary data ? Texts (spoken/written),
Internet Analytical data ? Grammars, Articles,
Monographs
183
Data Collection
Finding diversity and universality among
the languages of the world. Three
sources Primary data ? Texts (spoken/written),
Internet
COMPETENCE Analytical data ? Grammars,
Articles, Monographs
184
Data Collection
Finding diversity and universality among
the languages of the world. Three
sources Primary data ? Texts (spoken/written),
Internet Secondary data ? Questionnaires Analyti
cal data ? Grammars, Articles, Monographs
185
Language data
CORPUS
Primary data
186
Language data
CORPUS
Primary data
DATA BASE
Analytical data
187
Language data
CORPUS
Primary data
Secondary data
DATA BASE
Analytical data
188
Language Technology
CORPUS
Primary data
Secondary data
COMPUTER
DATA BASE
Analytical data
189
Data Collection
Finding diversity and universality among
the languages of the world. Three
sources Primary data ? Texts (spoken/written),
Internet Secondary data ? Questionnaires Analyti
cal data ? Grammars, Articles, Monographs
190
Language Typology
Finding diversity and universality among
the languages of the world. Traditional
source Grammar ( ABSTRACTION FROM SPEAKER!!)
191
Language Typology
Finding diversity and universality among
the languages of the world. Traditional
source Grammar ( ABSTRACTION FROM
SPEAKER!!) Available for 1000 2000 languages
(lt 30)
192
Language Typology
Finding diversity and universality among
the languages of the world. Traditional
source Grammar ( ABSTRACTION FROM
SPEAKER!!) Available for 1000 2000 languages
(lt 30) SIL (http//www.sil.org/) Endangered
Languages Project (http//www.hrelp.org/) DOBES
project (http//www.mpi.nl/DOBES/).
193
Language Typology
Finding diversity and universality among
the languages of the world. Grammar Lexicon
gtgt 10,000
194
Language Typology
Finding diversity and universality among
the languages of the world. Grammar Lexicon
gtgt 10,000 Bound forms (suffix,prefix) 0 1,000
195
Language Typology
Finding diversity and universality among
the languages of the world. Grammar Lexicon
gtgt 10,000 Bound forms (suffix,prefix) 0
1,000 Rules (Morphology/Syntax) gtgt 1,000
196
Language Typology
Finding diversity and universality among the 7000
languages of the world. Grammar Lexicon gtgt
10,000 Bound forms (suffix,prefix) 0
1,000 Rules (Morphology/Syntax) gtgt 1,000 N.B.
High Variation (Areal, Social, Diachronic)
197

• Languages of the World
• Genetic groupings
• Areal contact
• Variation
• Language data
• Types

198
Typological Database
World Atlas of Language Structures Haspelmath,
Martin, Matthew S. Dryer, David Gil Bernard
Comrie (eds) (2005). The World Atlas of Language
Structures. Oxford Oxford University Press.
199
Typological Database
World Atlas of Language Structures Maps 139
(Phon Morph Synt Lex)
200
Typological Database
WALS database Variables 139 (Phon Morph
Synt Lex)
201
Typological Database
WALS database Variables 139 (Phon Morph
Synt Lex) Authors Bickel Comrie Corbett
Dryer Haspelmath Siewierska Bakker
202
Typological Database
WALS database Variables 139 (Phon Morph
Synt Lex etc) Values 2 to 9
203
Typological Database
WALS database Variables 139 (Phon Morph
Synt Lex etc) Values 2 to 9 Languages 2558
204
Typological Database
WALS database Variables 139 (Phon Morph
Synt Lex etc) Values 2 to 9 Languages 2558 Pe
r Variable average 417 languages
205
Typological Database
206
Typological Database
207
Typological Database
CELTIC
MESO-AM
208
Typological Database
209
Typological Database
210
Typological Database
14
211
No Dominant Order
Dutch
212
No Dominant Order
Dutch SVO Ik eet een boterham I eat a
sandwich
213
No Dominant Order
Dutch SVO Ik eet een boterham I eat a
sandwich SOV Ik heb een boterham
gegeten I AUX a sandwich eat
214
Dominant Order
Spanish
215
Dominant Order
Spanish SVO Juan comió un manzana
216
Dominant Order
Spanish SVO Juan comió un manzana OVS La
manzana la comió Juan
217
Dominant Order
Spanish SVO Juan comió un manzana OVS La
manzana sela comió Juan VOS Ha robado un coche,
mi vecino
218
Dominant Order Basic
Spanish SVO Juan comió un manzana
BASIC type
219
Dominant Order Basic
Spanish SVO Juan comió un manzana
BASIC type

• most frequent in texts
• used outside contexts (pragmatically neutral)

220
Dominant Order Basic
Spanish SVO Juan comió un manzana BASIC
221
Dominant Order Basic
Spanish SVO Juan comió un manzana BASIC OVS
La manzana la comió Juan MARKED VOS Ha robado
un coche, mi vecino MARKED
222
Dominant Order Basic
Spanish SVO Juan comió un manzana BASIC
Most characteristic for the language Establishes
its type But there may be variation!
223
Basic Values
Some basic WALS values from 1. Phonology 2.
Morpholgy 3. Syntax 4. Lexicon
224
Basic Values 1 C/N
Consonant / Vowel Ratio
225
Basic Values 1 C/N
Consonant / Vowel Ratio Lowest Andoke
(isolate Colombia) 10 consonants and 9 vowels
(1.1)
226
Basic Values 1 C/N
Consonant / Vowel Ratio Lowest Andoke
(isolate Colombia) 10 consonants and 9 vowels
(11) Highest Abkhaz (Northwest Caucasian
Georgia) 58 consonants and 2 vowels (291)
227
Basic Values 1 C/N
Consonant / Vowel Ratio Abkhaz (Northwest
Caucasian Georgia) 58 consonants and 2 vowels
(291)
228
Basic Values 1 C/N
Consonant / Vowel Ratio Abkhaz (Northwest
Caucasian Georgia) 58 consonants and 2 vowels
(291) Yeseqeycasa yeneneyt. He said that he
would probably do it.
229
Basic Values 1 C/N
Consonant / Vowel Ratio Abkhaz (Northwest
Caucasian Georgia) 58 consonants and 2 vowels
(291) Yeseqeycasa yeneneyt. He said that he
would probably do it. Saqa ha aawxey? How
many pigs did you buy?
230
Basic Values 2 Reduplication
Reduplication
231
Basic Values 2 Reduplication
Reduplication Tagalog (Austronesian
Philippines) FULL mag isip to think mag
isip-isip to think seriously.
232
Basic Values 2 Reduplication
Reduplication Tagalog (Austronesian
Philippines) FULL mag isip to think mag
isip-isip to think seriously. Pangasinan
(Austronesian Philippines) PARTIAL toó man
totóo people amigo friend amimígo
friends báley town balbáley towns plato
plate papláto plates
233
Reduplication
Hungarian
234
Basic Values 3 Passive
Active Jack gives the bike to the girls
235
Basic Values 3 Passive
Active Jack gives the bike to the
girls Passive The bike was given to Frida (by
Jack)
236
Basic Values 3 Passive
Active Jack gives the bike to the
girls Passive The bike was given to Frida (by
Jack) The girls were given a bike (by Jack)
237
Basic Values 3 Passive
Active Jorge dió una bicicleta a las chicas
238
Basic Values 3 Passive
Active Jorge dió una bicicleta a las
chicas Passive La bicicleta fue dado a las
chicas (por Jorge)
239
Basic Values 3 Passive
Active Jorge dió una bicicleta a las
chicas Passive La bicicleta fue dado a las
chicas (por Jorge) Las chicas fueron dado una
bicicleta (por Jorge)
240
Passive
241
Basic Values 4 Hand
Word for Hand same as Arm
242
Word for Hand same as Arm
37
243
Basic Values 4 Hand
Word for Hand same as Arm 37 Word for
Hand same as Finger
244
Word for Hand same as Finger
12
245
Basic Values 4 Hand
Word for Hand same as Arm 37 Word for
Hand same as Finger 12 Arm Hand
Finger ???
246
Basic Values 4 Hand
Arm Hand Finger 15
Apache AMERICA Cahuilla AMERICA Cocopa AMERICA
Comecrudo AMERICA DiegueÏo AMERICA Eudeve AMERICA
Quileute AMERICA Seri AMERICA Yukpa AMERICA
Hawaiian AUSTRONESIA Pacoh AUSTRONESIA Tahitian A
USTRONESIA Tuamotuan AUSTRONESIA Yagaria NEW
GUINEA Ngizim AFRICA
247
Basic Values interaction
Combination of two variables
HAND vs ARM UNEQUAL EQUAL
HAND vs FINGER
UNEQUAL EQUAL
248
Basic Values interaction
Combination of two variables
HAND vs ARM UNEQUAL EQUAL
HAND vs FINGER
UNEQUAL EQUAL
NOT SIGNIFICANT!!!
249
Basic Values interaction
Combination of two variables
HAND vs ARM UNEQUAL EQUAL
HAND vs FINGER
UNEQUAL EQUAL
WHAT IF STATISTICALLY SIGNIFICANT?????
250

• Languages of the World
• Genetic groupings
• Areal contact
• Variation
• Language data
• Types
• Universal patterns

251
Basic Values interaction

• Interaction between two (or more) variables
• UNIVERSAL PATTERN

252
Basic Values interaction

• Interaction between two (or more) variables
• UNIVERSAL IMPLICATIONS
• Greenberg (1963)
• IF a language has X THEN it (almost) always has Y

253
Basic Values interaction
Universal implications (Greenberg 1963)
254
Basic Values interaction
Universal implications (Greenberg
1963) Universal 3. Languages with dominant VSO
order are always prepositional. (VSO ? Prep)
255
Basic Values interaction
Universal implications (Greenberg
1963) Universal 3. Languages with dominant VSO
order are always prepositional. (VSO ?
Prep) Universal 4. With overwhelmingly greater
than chance frequency, languages with normal SOV
order are postpositional. (SOV ? Post)
256
Basic Values interaction
Universal implications (Greenberg
1963) Universal 3. Languages with dominant VSO
order are always prepositional. (VSO ? Prep)
ABSOLUTE Universal 4. With overwhelmingly
greater than chance frequency, languages with
normal SOV order are postpositional. (SOV ? Post)
STATISTICAL
257
Basic Values interaction
Universal implications (Greenberg
1963) Universal 3. Languages with dominant VSO
order are always prepositional. (VSO ? Prep)
ABSOLUTE
258
Basic Values interaction
Universal 3. Languages with dominant VSO order
are always prepositional. (VSO ? Prep)
PREP POST
VSO -VSO
259
Basic Values interaction
Universal 3. Languages with dominant VSO order
are always prepositional. (VSO ? Prep) In WALS
database????
260
Basic Values interaction
Universal 3. Languages with dominant VSO order
are always prepositional. (VSO ? Prep)
PREP POST
VSO -VSO
261
Basic Values interaction
Universal 3. Languages with dominant VSO order
are always prepositional. (VSO ? Prep)
PREP POST
VSO -VSO
SIGNIFICANT, but not absolute!!!
262
Basic Values interaction
Universal 3. Languages with dominant VSO order
are ALMOST ALWAYS prepositional. STATISTICAL
PREP POST
VSO -VSO
SIGNIFICANT, but not absolute!!!
263
Basic Values interaction
Universal 1. In declarative sentences with
nominal subject and object, the dominant order
is almost always one in which the subject
precedes the object.
264
Structural parameters

• Basic Word Order (WALS)
• SOV (Altaic) 47
• SVO (Indo-European) 41
• VSO (Oceanic) 8
• VOS (Mayan) 3
• OVS (Carib) 1
• OSV (Paezan) 0.5

96
265
Basic Values interaction
Universal 1. In declarative sentences with
nominal subject and object, the dominant order
is almost always one in which the subject
precedes the object. N.B. in 1963 on a sample
of 30 languages!!!
266
Basic Values interaction
Greenberg total universals 45 http//www.langmak
er.com/db/Greenberg's_Universals
267
Basic Values interaction
Greenberg total universals 45 http//www.langmak
er.com/db/Greenberg's_Universals http//ling.uni-
konstanz.de/pages/proj/sprachbau gt 2000
268
Basic Values interaction
Greenberg total universals 45 http//www.langmak
er.com/db/Greenberg's_Universals http//ling.uni-
konstanz.de/pages/proj/sprachbau gt
2000 Rarely absolute (if so then often trivial)
269
Basic Values interaction
Greenberg total universals 45 http//www.langmak
er.com/db/Greenberg's_Universals http//ling.uni-
konstanz.de/pages/proj/sprachbau gt 2000 Most
now have counterexamples ( statistical)
270

• Languages of the World
• Genetic groupings
• Areal contact
• Variation
• Language data
• Types
• Universal patterns
• Explanation

271
Building up on Greenberg
VSO ? Prepositional
SOV ? Postpositional
272
Building up on Greenberg
V(S)O ? Prepositional
(S)OV ? Postpositional
273
Building up on Greenberg
VO ? Prepositional
OV ? Postpositional
274
Building up on Greenberg
VO ? Prepositional
Head Modifier Order OV ? Postpositional
275
Building up on Greenberg
VO ? Prepositional
Head Modifier Order OV ?
Postpositional Type 1 HM VO - N Adj N Dem
N prep Poss N Rel
276
Building up on Greenberg
VO ? Prepositional
Head Modifier Order OV ?
Postpositional Type 1 HM VO - N Adj N Dem
N prep Poss N Rel Type 2 MH OV - Adj N
Dem N Poss post N Rel N
277
Building up on Greenberg
VO ? Prepositional
Head Modifier Order OV ?
Postpositional Type 1 HM VO - N Adj N Dem
N prep Poss N Rel Type 2 MH OV - Adj N
Dem N Poss post N Rel N Idealization
many counterexamples, but
278
Building up on Greenberg
Systematic diversions from the ideal
pattern Hawkins (1983)
279
Building up on Greenberg
Systematic diversions from the ideal
pattern Hawkins (1983) Prep ? N Adj
Gen Rel Dem
280
Building up on Greenberg
Systematic diversions from the ideal
pattern Hawkins (1983) Prep ? N Adj
Gen Rel Dem NOT all possible (120)
combinations. Only
281
Building up on Greenberg
N ADJ GEN REL DEM (ideal)
282
Building up on Greenberg
N ADJ GEN REL DEM (ideal) DEM N
ADJ GEN REL
283
Building up on Greenberg
N ADJ GEN REL DEM (ideal) DEM N
ADJ GEN REL DEM ADJ N GEN REL
284
Building up on Greenberg
N ADJ GEN REL DEM (ideal) DEM N
ADJ GEN REL DEM ADJ N GEN REL DEM
ADJ GEN N REL
285
Building up on Greenberg
N ADJ GEN REL DEM (ideal) DEM N
ADJ GEN REL DEM ADJ N GEN REL DEM
ADJ GEN N REL DEM ADJ GEN REL N
286
Building up on Greenberg
N ADJ GEN REL DEM (ideal) DEM N
ADJ GEN REL DEM ADJ N GEN REL DEM
ADJ GEN N REL DEM ADJ GEN REL N
(very marked)
287
Building up on Greenberg
N ADJ GEN REL DEM (ideal) DEM N
ADJ GEN REL DEM ADJ N GEN REL DEM
ADJ GEN N REL DEM ADJ GEN REL N
(very marked) Prepositional Noun Modifier
Hierarchy
288
Building up on Greenberg
N ADJ GEN REL DEM (ideal) DEM N
ADJ GEN REL DEM ADJ N GEN REL DEM
ADJ GEN N REL DEM ADJ GEN REL N
(very marked) Prepositional Noun Modifier
Hierarchy the lighter, the easier to go to the
left
289
Building up on Greenberg
N ADJ GEN REL DEM (ideal) DEM N
ADJ GEN REL DEM ADJ N GEN REL DEM
ADJ GEN N REL DEM ADJ GEN REL N
(very marked) Prepositional Noun Modifier
Hierarchy the lighter, the easier to go to the
left OR the lightest goes first to the left
290
Building up on Greenberg
Generalization to LEFT RIGHT principle
291
Building up on Greenberg
Generalization to LEFT RIGHT principle from
LIGHT to HEAVY or from SIMPLE to COMPLEX
292
Ease of processing
Generalization to LEFT RIGHT principle from
LIGHT to HEAVY or from SIMPLE to
COMPLEX Explanation ease of PROCESSING (Speaker
Hearer)
293
Ease of processing
CONST 1 2 4
8
294
Ease of processing
1/4 C (0.07)
CONST 1 2 4
8
295
Ease of processing
2/4 C (0.2)
1/4 C (0.07)
CONST 1 2 4
8
296
Ease of processing
3/4 C (0.47)
2/4 C (0.2)
1/4 C (0.07)
CONST 1 2 4
8
297
Ease of processing
BUT
CONST 8 4
2 1
298
Ease of processing
BUT
1/4 C (0.53)
CONST 8 4
2 1
299
Ease of processing
BUT
2/4 C (0.8)
1/4 C (0.53)
CONST 8 4
2 1
300
Ease of processing
BUT
3/4 C (0.93)
2/4 C (0.8)
1/4 C (0.53)
CONST 8 4
2 1
301
Ease of processing
Dynamic principle (per utterance)
302
Ease of processing
Dynamic principle (per utterance) Universal 6.
All languages with dominant VSO order have SVO
as an alternative or as the only alternative
basic order.
303
Ease of processing
Dynamic principle (per utterance) Universal 6.
All languages with dominant VSO order have SVO
as an alternative or as the only alternative
basic order. VSO Greeted - an old man - the
girl Greeted he the girl
304
Ease of processing
Dynamic principle (per utterance) Universal 6.
All languages with dominant VSO order have SVO
as an alternative or as the only alternative
basic order. VSO Greeted - an old man - the
girl Greeted he the girl He greeted the
girl
305
Ease of processing
Dynamic principle (per utterance) Universal 6.
All languages with dominant VSO order have SVO
as an alternative or as the only alternative
basic order. VSO Greeted - an old man - the
girl Greeted he the girl He greeted the
girl The old man greeted the girl (Analogy)
306
Ease of processing
Dynamic principle (per utterance) Universal 6.
All languages with dominant VSO order have SVO
as an alternative or as the only alternative
basic order. VSO Greeted - an old man - the
girl Greeted he the girl He greeted the
girl SVO The old man greeted the girl
307
Ease of processing
Universal 25. If the pronominal object follows
the verb, so does the nominal object.
308
Ease of processing
Universal 25. If the pronominal object follows
the verb, so does the nominal object. SVO The
old man - greeted - her The old man the
girl greeted
309
Ease of processing
Universal 25. If the pronominal object follows
the verb, so does the nominal object. SVO The
old man - greeted - her The old man the
girl greeted Diachronic scenario from SOV
310
Ease of processing
Universal 25. If the pronominal object follows
the verb, so does the nominal object. SVO The
old man - greeted - her The old man the
girl greeted Diachronic scenario from
SOV SOV The man the pretty girl - greeted
311
Ease of processing
Universal 25. If the pronominal object follows
the verb, so does the nominal object. SVO The
old man - greeted - her The old man the
girl greeted Diachronic scenario from
SOV SOV The man the pretty girl - greeted The
man - greeted - the pretty girl
312
Ease of processing
Universal 25. If the pronominal object follows
the verb, so does the nominal object. SVO The
old man - greeted - her The old man the
girl greeted Diachronic scenario from
SOV SOV The man the pretty girl - greeted The
man - greeted - the pretty girl The old man -
greeted - her (Analogy)
313
Ease of processing
Universal 25. If the pronominal object follows
the verb, so does the nominal object. SVO The
old man - greeted - her The old man the
girl greeted Diachronic scenario from
SOV SOV The man the pretty girl - greeted The
man - greeted - the pretty girl SVO The old
man - greeted - her
314
Explanation
PROCESSING
315
Explanation
PROCESSING
GRAMMAR RULES
316
Explanation
PROCESSING
GRAMMAR RULES
VARIATION IN RULES
317
Explanation
PROCESSING
GRAMMAR RULES
VARIATION IN RULES
NEW RULES (CHANGE)
318
Explanation
PROCESSING
GRAMMAR RULES
VARIATION IN RULES
NEW RULES (CHANGE)
LANGUAGE ACQUISITION
319
Explanation Linguistics
Pragmatics Topic (known) Focus (new)
PROCESSING
GRAMMAR RULES
VARIATION IN RULES
NEW RULES (CHANGE)
LANGUAGE ACQUISITION
320
Explanation Linguistics
Pragmatics Topic (known) Focus (new)
Semantics (In)Animate (In)Definite
PROCESSING
GRAMMAR RULES
VARIATION IN RULES
NEW RULES (CHANGE)
LANGUAGE ACQUISITION
321
Explanation Linguistics
Pragmatics
322
Explanation Linguistics
Pragmatics Topic (known) Short Pronoun
(drop!)
323
Explanation Linguistics
Pragmatics Topic (known) Short Pronoun
(drop!) Focus (new) Long Noun Phrase
324
Explanation Linguistics
Pragmatics Topic (known) Short Pronoun
(drop!) Focus (new) Long Noun Phrase
short gt long
325
Explanation Linguistics
Pragmatics Topic (known) Short Pronoun
(drop!) Focus (new) Long Noun Phrase
short gt long
Topic gt Focus
326
Explanation Linguistics
Pragmatics Topic (known) Short Pronoun
(drop!) Focus (new) Long Noun Phrase
short gt long
Topic gt Focus
Known gt New
327
Explanation Linguistics
Pragmatics Topic (known) Short Pronoun
(drop!) Focus (new) Long Noun Phrase
Semantics
328
Explanation Linguistics
Pragmatics Topic (known) Short Pronoun
(drop!) Focus (new) Long Noun Phrase
Semantics Animate Definite
329
Explanation Linguistics
Pragmatics Topic (known) Short Pronoun Focus
(new) Long Noun Phrase
Semantics Animate Definite Inanimate Indefini
te
330
Explanation Linguistics
Semantics Animate Definite Inanimate Indefini
te
Pragmatics Topic (known) Short Pronoun Focus
(new) Long Noun Phrase
CLASH OF FEATURES
331
Explanation Linguistics
Pragmatics Topic (known) Short Pronoun Focus
(new) Long Noun Phrase
Semantics Animate Definite Inanimate Indefini
te
Competing Motivations
332
Explanation Linguistics
Pragmatics Topic (known) Short Pronoun Focus
(new) Long Noun Phrase
Semantics Animate Definite Inanimate Indefini
te
Different solutions for conflicts ? Typological
variation between languages
333

• Languages of the World
• Genetic groupings
• Areal contact
• Variation
• Language data
• Types
• Universal patterns
• Explanation
• ------------------------------

334
?