Euploidy

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Euploidy

• Describing a nucleus, cell or organism that has
  an exact multiple of the haploid number (n) of
  chromosomes.
• For example diploid (2n), triploid(3n), and
  tetraploid (4n) nuclei or cell are euploid

Compare aneuploidy
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Aneuploidy

• Describing a nucleus, cell or organism in which
  one or more chromosomes have been added to or
  deleted from the complete set, so that the total
  number of chromosomes is not exact multiple of
  the haploid number (n)
• For example 2n1 (trisomy), 2n-1 (monosomy

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EUPLOIDY

• Changes of the chromosome number which involved
  the whole chromosome set
• Occurred when a set of chromosome did not
  separate during gametogenesis
• Common in plants than in animals

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• Gametes fusion will produce cell _at_ organism which
  have more than 2 set of chromosome
• Cell with 3 or more chromosome set
• polyploid
• 2 types of polyploidy
• i) Autopolyploidy
• ii) Allopolyploidy

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Polyploidy

• The condition of having more than two sets of
  chromosomes ( 3n, 4n, 5n, )

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TRIPLOID

• Triploid (3n) occurs when
• i) a gamete (2n) fused with a normal gamete (n)
• ii) chromosomes disable to segregate during
  meiosis to produce diploid gamete
• iii) gamete from tetraploid organism (4n) fused
  with diploid organism gamete (2n).

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TETRAPLOID

• Tetraploid plants can be produced by
• 1) Somatic duplication of chromosome number
• i) Involving homologous chromosome set
• P AA (2n)
• 
  (Duplicate)
• F1 AAAA (4n)

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• Involving non-homologous sets
• P AA (2n) BB (2n)
• G A B
• F1 AB (sterile)
• doubling of chromosome number
• AABB (fertile)
• 2) Fusion of two diploid gametes
• P AA (2n) AA (2n)
• G AA AA
• FI AAAA

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Polyploidy

• Autopolyploidy
• Is an individual that has more than two
  chromosome sets, all derived from a single
  species
• The chromosomes set are homologous with the
  parent cell
• Involve homologous chromosome
• Importance in economic value which autopolyploid
  plants produce flowers and fruits bigger than
  normal diploid plants

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• Allopolyploidy
• A polyploid resulting from 2 different species
  (hybridization) interbreeding and combining their
  chromosomes
• The chromosome sets are different to parental
  cell
• Homologous chromosome sets not involve

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• F1 hybrids produced from different species are
  usually sterile (haploid set of chromosome from
  one species cannot pair during meiosis with the
  haploid set from the other species)
• Chromosome number in a sterile hybrid becomes
  doubled and produces fertile hybrids (synapsis
  and segregation can occur and viable gametes can
  be produced)
• Importance in producing new species

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Spartina alternifora BB (2n70)
Spartina maritina AA (2n56)
x
n35
n28
Sterile hibrid
AB
n63
duplication
Spartina townsendii (fertile) AABB 2n126
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Primula floribunda AA (2n 18 ) n9

Primula verticillata BB (2n 18 ) n9

X
Primula kewensis Sterile hybrid AB (n 18)
Doubling of chromosome number
Primula kewensis fertile AABB
(2n 36)

tetraploid
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X
Triticum monococcum (Einkorn wheat) AA (2n 14
)
Triticum searsii (Wild grass) BB (2n 14 )

Sterile hybrid AB
X
Triticum turgidum (Emmer wheat) AA BB (2n 28 )

Triticum tauschii (Wild grass) CC (2n 14 )

Sterile hybrid ABC
Triticum aestivum AA BB CC (2n 42)
Hexaploid of original einkorn wheat

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18
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