Overview of Directory of Environmentally Sound Technologies for Integrated Waste Management in SIDS

1
Overview of Directory of Environmentally Sound
Technologies for Integrated Waste Management in
SIDS
Caribbean Environmental Health Institute
The Morne, PO Box 1111, Castries, St.
Lucia Tel [phone] Fax [phone]
Email cehi_at_candw.lc Web site www.cehi.org.lc
2
Introduction to Directory
Caribbean Environmental Health Institute
3
Introduction to Directory

• Acknowledgement
• Thanks for the pictures (to Caribbean SIDS Waste
  Management Experts!!)

Caribbean Environmental Health Institute
4
Introduction to Directory

• Small island developing states have used various
  technologies for waste management both
  low-end.

Caribbean Environmental Health Institute
5
Introduction to Directory

• .and high end!!

Caribbean Environmental Health Institute
6
Introduction to Directory

• Technologies have failed for various reasons
• Inappropriate
• Lack of funding
• Poor operations maintenance
• Poorly skilled personnel

Caribbean Environmental Health Institute
7
Introduction to Directory

• Directory focuses on
• PROVEN sound environmental technologies
• Those SUCCESSFULLY being used
• Also highlights sound practices and applicability
  RENAME Directory?

Caribbean Environmental Health Institute
8
Solid Waste Technologies Practices

• Directory recognises that solid waste streams in
  SIDS have changed waste products do not break
  down as easily
• Change in approach needed

Caribbean Environmental Health Institute
9
Solid Waste Technologies Practices

• Directory focuses on 6 SWM topics
• Reduction
• Collection
• Composting
• Incineration
• Landfills
• Special Wastes

Caribbean Environmental Health Institute
10
Solid Waste Technologies Practices

• Directory also focuses on other issues relating
  to SWM
• Waste characterisation
• Management planning
• Training
• Public education
• Financing
• Technology must be integrated in WM strategy

Caribbean Environmental Health Institute
11
Solid Waste Technologies Practices

• Reduction activities limited due to
• Increased importation of packaged goods
• Isolation of islands
• Lack of legislation and policies
• Lack of enforcement
• Lack of public education

Caribbean Environmental Health Institute
12
Solid Waste Technologies Practices

• Sound practice Tools for Waste Reduction
• Education campaigns
• Characterisation of waste streams
• Source separation, recovery
• trading networks
• Facilitate small enterprise

Caribbean Environmental Health Institute
13
Solid Waste Technologies Practices

• Sound practice Tools for Waste Reduction
• Reduce use of hazardous/toxic substances
• Assist waste pickers
• Legislative economic instruments
• Export recyclables
• Promote innovation
• (s.a. Trash to Treasure)

Caribbean Environmental Health Institute
14
Solid Waste Technologies Practices

• Collection (by vehicle)
• Vehicle selection critical
• Must be appropriate to terrain
• Should be already in use
• Minimum complexity can be serviced locally
• Use compaction only when necessary
• Use hybrids/dual-collection

Caribbean Environmental Health Institute
15
Solid Waste Technologies Practices

• Storage
• Use local materials
• Should be readily available
• Size appropriately
• Durable water- and dog-proof

Caribbean Environmental Health Institute
16
Solid Waste Technologies Practices

• Other Collection/Transfer Practices
• Route Design Operation
• Frequency timing sizing of collectors
• Transfer
• Transfer station operation, siting etc.
• Street Cleaning
• Bins sweeping

Caribbean Environmental Health Institute
17
Solid Waste Technologies Practices

• Composting
• Directory recognises benefits of composting in
  SIDS (s.a. volume reduction and soil amendment)
• Directory identifies economic and technical
  viability factors (s.a. markets, waste
  composition, scale)
• Looks at environmental impacts

Caribbean Environmental Health Institute
18
Solid Waste Technologies Practices

• Composting Systems
• Backyard, Neighbourhood, Village, Community
• Centralised, at landfill or incinerator
• Composting Technologies
• Pre-processing
• Windrow
• Others

Caribbean Environmental Health Institute
19
Solid Waste Technologies Practices

• Incineration
• Directory recognises incineration as an
  alternative, under certain conditions
• It identifies benefits (s.a. energy source and
  volume reduction) and concerns related to costs,
  environmental impacts, and difficulties with
  operation

Caribbean Environmental Health Institute
20
Solid Waste Technologies Practices

• Incineration Technology
• Mass burn
• Modular
• Fluidised Bed
• Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF)
• Practices for choosing technology (s.a. limited
  land environmental controls etc.)

Caribbean Environmental Health Institute
21
Solid Waste Technologies Practices

• Landfills/ Dumps
• Directory recognises
• Open dumps (poorly sited and managed unknown
  capacity limited compaction and cover access
  uncontrolled no records)
• Land reclamation using SW

Caribbean Environmental Health Institute
22
Solid Waste Technologies Practices

• Landfills/ Dumps
• Directory recognises
• Controlled dumps
• Sanitary landfills (SLF), including
  semi-anaerobic technology

Caribbean Environmental Health Institute
23
Solid Waste Technologies Practices

• Sound SLF practices
• Siting
• Leachate/gas management
• Compaction cover
• Record-keeping
• Access control
• Closure planning

Caribbean Environmental Health Institute
24
Solid Waste Technologies Practices

• Special Wastes
• Tires (re-use re-tread thermal destruction)
• Construction debris
• Reduction
• Reuse

Caribbean Environmental Health Institute
25
Hazardous Waste Technologies Practices

• Directory identifies HW types (in Pacific SIDS)
• Medical Waste (from hospitals etc.)
• Asbestos, waste oil, batteries
• Household and agricultural (s.a. agro-chemicals
  paint products cleaners)
• Lead-acid batteries
• Industrial waste
• Human excreta, sludge, septage etc.

Caribbean Environmental Health Institute
26
Hazardous Waste Technologies Practices

• Medical Waste practices
• Source separation on site
• Set procedures equipment for handling
  transportation
• Take-back piggy-back systems
• Inventory control
• Treatment (e.g. disinfection/incineration)
• Final disposal (e.g. landfill)

Caribbean Environmental Health Institute
27
Hazardous Waste Technologies Practices

• Household and agricultural HW practices
• Separation(?) or co-mingle(?)
• Identify HW clearly at point-of-purchase
• Emphasise take-back
• Reduce/eliminate importation where possible
• Training

Caribbean Environmental Health Institute
28
Hazardous Waste Technologies Practices

• Asbestos, waste/used oil, lead batteries
• Directory recommends practices for removal and
  disposal of asbestos
• Directory recommends used oil storage,
  re-refining or use as fuel (e.g. in cement kiln)
• Directory recommends for lead-acid batteries
  neutralisation of acids, recycling and/or export,
  and reuse of lead

Caribbean Environmental Health Institute
29
Hazardous Waste Technologies Practices

• Directory recognises that it may NOT be possible
  to dispose of HW appropriately in SIDS
• Storage and eventual export/disposal off-island
  is recommended in such cases
• In accordance with BASEL Convention
• Directory refers to technology listings in BASEL
  Convention

Caribbean Environmental Health Institute
30
Wastewater Technologies Practices

• Directory focuses on
• Collection Transfer
• Treatment (On-site, Centralised Decentralised)
• Reuse
• Disposal systems
• Zero discharge

Caribbean Environmental Health Institute
31
Wastewater Technologies Practices

• Collection Transfer
• Some Direct drop (On-site) without water (e.g.
  latrine or vault)
• Most systems require water to transfer waste,
  thus availability of reliable supply is a major
  criteria in technology selection
• Pumping may be required good plumbing standards
  required

Caribbean Environmental Health Institute
32
Wastewater Technologies Practices

• Collection Transfer systems - Sewerage
• Conventional ( simplified)
• Vacuum
• Small bore (Settled sewerage)
• Saltwater flushing (requiring dual distribution
  systems)
• Cistern- and Pour-Flush

Caribbean Environmental Health Institute
33
Wastewater Technologies Practices

• Treatment - On-site
• Pit VIP latrine
• Pour-flush latrine
• Aquaprivy
• Reed Odourless Earth Closet
• Septic Tank
• Biogas Digester

Caribbean Environmental Health Institute
34
Wastewater Technologies Practices

• Treatment Final Disposal - On-site
• Drain fields
• Seepage pits/soakaways
• Raised bed (Wisconsin Mound)
• Composting toilets
• Note Suckwells not included!

Caribbean Environmental Health Institute
35
Wastewater Technologies Practices

• Treatment- Centralised Decentralised (based on
  population size)
• Directory uses following classification
• Preliminary treatment
• Primary treatment
• Secondary treatment
• Tertiary treatment

Caribbean Environmental Health Institute
36
Wastewater Technologies Practices

• Treatment- Centralised Decentralised Primary
  treatment processes
• Septic tank (including with Upflow Filter)
• Imhoff Tank
• Ponds/Tanks (high- and
• low-loaded anaerobic)
• Ponds/Tanks (sediment tanks)

Caribbean Environmental Health Institute
37
Wastewater Technologies Practices

• Treatment- Centralised Decentralised
• Secondary treatment processes
• Reactors (e.g. baffled septic tanks)
• Activated sludge
• Wetlands/Ponds (e.g. Reeds subsurface flow
  root-zone horizontal gravel filters)

Caribbean Environmental Health Institute
38
Wastewater Technologies Practices

• Treatment- Centralised Decentralised
• Secondary treatment processes
• Ponds (e.g. aerobic stabilisation
• algal oxidation waste stabilisation)
• Filters (e.g. anaerobic fixed bed
• reactor fixed film reactor)
• Trickling/percolating filters

Caribbean Environmental Health Institute
39
Wastewater Technologies Practices

• Treatment- Centralised Decentralised
• Tertiary treatment processes
• Banks clarifiers
• Grass plots
• Note Absence of significant discussion on
  nutrient removal in the Directory

Caribbean Environmental Health Institute
40
Wastewater Technologies Practices

• Treatment- Centralised Decentralised
• Package Plants
• Enviroflow Biofilter
• Cromaglass Sequential Batch Reactors
• Note Other brands NOT mentioned

Caribbean Environmental Health Institute
41
Wastewater Technologies Practices

• Reuse
• Directory notes benefits s.a. conserving water,
  reducing pollution of water resources,
  horticulture, forestry and aquaculture
• Directory also recognises health issues
• Note No reference to WTO/Sanitary
  Phyto-sanitary Standards and Good Agricultural
  Practices

Caribbean Environmental Health Institute
42
Wastewater Technologies Practices

• Disposal systems
• Outfalls (e.g. ocean)
• Land disposal (e.g. rapid infiltration slow rate
  infiltration overland flow)
• Surface flow
• Sprinkler distribution (stationary or moving)
• Subsurface localised irrigation (e.g.
  drip/trickle)

Caribbean Environmental Health Institute
43
Conclusions

• Numerous technologies utilized in (Pacific) SIDS
  for waste management
• Practices are a necessary part of the waste
  management process, in addition to technologies
• Many technologies used in the Pacific are also
  widely applied in the Caribbean

Caribbean Environmental Health Institute
44
The Way Forward

• Discuss applicability of Pacific technologies
  to the Caribbean elaborate (e.g. asbestos)
• Identify additional technologies NOT mentioned in
  Directory for inclusion in Caribbean Directory
  (e.g. USAB Eco-San sludge drying beds
  suckwells? urinals?)
• Include Selection Matrix for technologies
• Reference information sources for the Caribbean
  (e.g. OECS/World Bank SW Project CEHI Doc.
  Centre)

Caribbean Environmental Health Institute
45
Thank you for your time!!
Caribbean Environmental Health Institute