BREEDING ANIMALS

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BREEDING ANIMALS

• AGRISCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

Modified by Georgia Agricultural Education
Curriculum Office
July, 2002
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TERMS USED IN BREEDING ANIMALS

• BREED Breed is made up of animals of the same
  species that share common traits.
• BLOODLINES Bloodlines are groups within breeds
  tend to have one common ancestor.
• PUREBRED Animals registered in a breed or
  eligible for registry.

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INHERIT TRAITS OF ANIMALS

• COLOR
• MILK CAPACITY
• HORNS
• SIZE
• TYPE
• OFFSPRING THAT HAVE TRAITS GENETICALLY
  DIFFERENT FROM THEIR PARENTS ARE KNOWN AS MUTANTS.

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BREEDS OF CATTLE

• ANGUS Originated in Scotland. Black, polled
  and have a smooth coat of hair.
• BRAHMAN Originated in United States. Light
  gray to nearly black, loose skin and large humps
  over the shoulder tolerant of heat and insects.
• BRANGUS Developed by crossing Brahman and Angus
  cattle. Solid black and polled.

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CATTLE BREEDS CONT.

• CHAROLAIS Originated in France. White to a
  light straw color large breed, most are
  naturally horned.
• CHIANINA Originated in Italy. White except for
  the switch of the tail, which is black skin has
  a black pigment. Largest beef breed.
• HEREFORD Originated in England. White face
  and red bodies. A horned breed.

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CATTLE BREEDS CONT.

• POLLED HEREFORD Developed in the United
  States. White face and red bodies polled.
• LIMOUSIN Originated in France. Most are red
  but may be light yellow or black. They usually
  have horns.
• SANTA GERTRUDIS Developed by the King Ranch in
  Texas. Cherry red, usually horned and have loose
  hide. Crosses of the Shorthorn and Brahman
  breeds.

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BEEF BREEDS CONT.

• SHORTHORN Originated in England. Red and
  white, with a red-white mix (roan), have horns
  except for the Polled Shorthorn breed.
• SIMMENTAL Originated in Switzerland. Faces are
  white/light straw and their bodies are red to
  dark red.

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DAIRY CATTLE BREEDS

• AYRSHIRE Originated in Scotland. Red,
  mahogany, brown or white in color. Rank third in
  milk production (11,700 lbs per year with 4.0
  milk fat).
• BROWN SWISS Originated in Switzerland. May be
  any shade of fawn with white markings. Rank
  fourth in milk production ( 10,600 lbs per year
  with 5 milk fat).

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DAIRY BREEDS CONT.

• GUERNSEY Originated off the coast of France.
  May be any shade of fawn with white markings
  horns turn outward and toward the front. Tied
  for fourth in milk production (10,600 lbs per
  year with 5 milk fat).
• HOLSTEIN Originated in the Netherlands. Black
  and white color patterns. Rank first in milk
  production (14,500 lbs per year with 3.5 milk
  fat).

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DAIRY BREEDS CONT.

• JERSEY Originated on the Isle of Jersey.
  Color range from cream to almost black. Ranks
  fifth in milk production (10,000 lbs per year
  with 5.4 milk fat). Smallest of the dairy
  breeds.

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SWINE BREEDS

• AMERICAN LANDRACE White breed with ears
  drooped over the eyes. Produce large litters of
  pigs.
• BERKSHIRE Black with six white points each
  foot, some white on the face and a white tail
  switch erect ears.
• CHESTER WHITE White breed popular in the
  northern parts of the United States.

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SWINE BREEDS CONT.

• DUROC Red in color ears drooped over the
  eyes. Large size, good meat-type breed.
• HAMPSHIRE Black with a white belt around its
  shoulders. Ears are erect good meat type breed.
• POLAND CHINA Black with six white points the
  feet, tip of tail and nose.
• YORKSHIRE White with erect ears. Large litters
  and good milkers.

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SHEEP BREEDS

• FINE WOOL SHEEP - Rambouillet, American Merino,
  Delaine Merino and Debouillet.
• MEDIUM WOOL SHEEP - Cheviot, Dorset, Finnish
  Landrace, Hampshire, Shropshire, Southdown and
  Suffolk.
• LONG WOOL SHEEP - Cotswold, Leicester, Lincoln
  and Romney.

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SHEEP BREEDS CONT.

• CROSSBRED WOOL SHEEP - Columbia, Panama and
  Southdale.
• CARPET WOOL SHEEP - Black faced Highland.
• FUR SHEEP - Karakul breed.

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GOAT BREEDS

• MOHAIR AND CASHMERE - Angora most of these are
  grown in Texas and other southwestern states.
• DAIRY GOATS - LaMancha, Nubian, Saanen and
  Toggenburg.
• SPANISH GOATS - Boer

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HORSES

• LIGHT HORSES - Weigh 900-1400 pounds and used for
  riding, driving, racing and other purposes.
  Quarter Horse, Arabian, Paint, Appaloosa,
  Tennessee Walking Horse and Palomino are breeds
  of light horses.
• PONIES - Small horses weighing under 900 pounds.
  Shetland Pony is an example.

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HORSES CONT.

• DRAFT HORSES - Weigh over 1400 pounds.
  Clydesdale, Belgian, Percheron and Shire are
  examples.

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POULTRY

• Poultry includes chickens, duck and turkey.
  Other poultry animals include quail, guinea,
  ostrich and emu.
• Most common breeds of chickens are White Leghorn,
  White Rock, Rhode Island Red, Barred Rock and New
  Hampshire.
• Chickens are selected for one of two uses eggs
  and meat.

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AQUACULTURE

• Term used to describe the farming of fish.
• Examples include catfish, trout, tilapia,
  hybrid striped bass, shrimp, oyster, crawfish,
  red fish, snails, crabs, alligators and frogs.

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KINDS OF BREEDING SYSTEMS

• STRAIGHTBREEDING Mating of animals of the same
  breed.
• Different approaches of straightbreeding include
  purebred breeding (mating purebred animals),
  outcrossing (mating animals of the same breed but
  of different families in the breed) and
  inbreeding (mating animals of the same breed with
  closely related animals).

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BREEDING SYSTEMS CONT.

• CROSSBREEDING Involves mating animals of
  different breeds.
• Used to improve the quality of the products
  yielded by the offspring.
• Used to produce calves with more meat, no horns
  or to accomplish other specific genetic purpose.

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PUREBRED PRODUCTION SYSTEM

• Used to produce purebred animals that will be
  used for meat, milk or other purposes.
• May compete in shows.
• Raise both male and female animals.
• Must keep accurate records.

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MEAT-ANIMAL PRODUCTION SYSTEM

• COW-CALF PRODUCTION - Involves keeping cows to
  produce calves that are used for meat.
• Calves are weaned at about 500 lbs.
• FEEDER PIG PRODUCTION - Raising pigs that are
  sold to other producers to grow to meat-size hogs
  (220-260 lbs)
• Pigs are sold at 30-60 lbs.

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FINISHING SYSTEM

• BEEF CATTLE - Cattle are finished in feedlots.
  Texas, Nebraska, Iowa, Kansas, California and
  Colorado have the greatest numbers.
• Begin at 400-700 lbs and fed for 90-120 days or
  until they weigh 1000 lbs or more.
• Gain 2.5-4 lbs. Per day
• MARKET HOGS - Hogs are finished to 220 plus lbs.
  Fed in groups of 20-50 head.

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METHODS OF INSEMINATING LIVESTOCK

• NATURAL INSEMINATINATION - Involves using animals
  to mate in pastures or pen breeding.
• ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION - Involves collecting
  semen from a male and depositing it in the
  reproductive tract of the female.

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ADVANTAGES OF USING AI

• AI allows the use of semen from superior males
  that are owned by another party.
• AI makes it possible for a male to breed many
  more females than could be done naturally.
• Semen can be stored for a week at 41F or for
  several months frozen at -320F (liquid nitrogen).

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IMPORTANT INFORMATION IN BREEDING ANIMALS

• SPECIES AGE/BREED GESTATION
• COW 14 MONTHS 283 DAYS
• SOW 12 MONTHS 114 DAYS
• EWE 17 MONTHS 148 DAYS
• DOE 18 MONTHS 151 DAYS
• MARE 2-3 YEARS 336 DAYS

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ESTRUS SYNCHRONIZATION

• Involves using hormones to get several females to
  come in heat at the same time.
• Used when using advanced breeding procedures such
  as superovulation (getting the female to produce
  a number of eggs at one time) and embro transfer.

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PREGNANCY TESTING

• BLOOD TEST
• URINE TEST
• RECTAL PALPATION (MOST COMMON METHOD USED)
• BUMPING

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SIGNS OF PREGNANT FEMALES GOING INTO LABOR

• ENLARGED UDDER
• SWELLING OF THE VULVA
• HOLLOWNESS IN FRONT OF THE PIN BONES
• NERVOUSNESS
• GOING AWAY FROM THE HERD

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GIVING BIRTH

• Most animals give birth without assistance.
• Calves should be born within one hour after labor
  begins.
• Calves are normally delivered with the head
  between the two front legs.
• Cow may need assistance if calf is in a different
  position.

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AFTER THE BIRTH

• It is very important that the calf gets the first
  milk known as colostrum.
• Colostrum is high in antibodies and other
  substances that help the new animal survive.
• Animal should expel the placenta 3-6 hours after
  giving birth.