SEATO, ANZUS, CENTO

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SEATO, ANZUS, CENTO

• Formation of International Organizations in the
  1950s

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SEATO

• SEATO Flag
• SEATO (Sept. 8, 1954)
• Southeast Asia Treaty Organization

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SEATO - Creation

• organized under the Southeast Asia Collective
  Defense Treaty by Australia, France, Great
  Britain, New Zealand, Pakistan (withdrew in
  1973), the Philippines, Thailand, and the United
  States
• after French withdrawal from Indochina
• signed in Manila had the intention of halting
  further communist spread in Southeast Asia
• accompanied by a Pacific Charter which guaranteed
  the rights, equality, and self-determination for
  the people there. Economic, social, and cultural
  goals were set for the member countries.

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SEATO - About

• primarily at Washington's instigation
• formalized the U.S. commitment to Southeast Asia
• Headquarters in Bangkok, Thailand.
• India, Indonesia, Ceylon, and Burma refused to
  join
• South Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos were not able
  to sign the treaty because of the Geneva accords
  in which their neutrality was guaranteed.

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SEATO Major Purposes

• The promotion of economic progress and well
  being
• Action to meet armed attack against the parties
  to the Treaty and also against any state or
  territory which the parties may unanimously
  designate further, the signatories are to
  consult about any threat short of armed attack,
  whether against a party to the Treaty or a
  designated territory, which endangers the peace
  of the area
• The establishment of a Council of Ministers to
  put the Treaty into effect, and especially to
  undertake military and any other planning.

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SEATO - Immediate and Long Term Consequences

• Pakistan withdrew in 1968
• French withdrew financial support in 1975
• SEATO was dissolved June 30, 1977
• internal differences and the lack of an
  underlying strategic interest put SEATO at a
  disadvantage

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ANZUS

• Australia New Zealand United States
• (ANZUS, San Francisco September 1, 1951) a.k.a.
  Pacific Security Pact

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ANZUS - Creation

• New Zealand and Australia were worried about the
  US- Japanese Security Treaty
• the three countries signed to maintain a
  consultative relationship with each other to
  ensure their collective security in the Pacific
  region
• similar security functions of SEATO

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ANZUS Creation (continued)

• it was signed to try and prevent the spread of
  Communism in the Far East
• signed September 1, 1951 in San Francisco
• United States offered the pact to Australia as
  compensation for the prospect of Japanese
  rearmament and to avoid opposition to their peace
  treaty with Japan

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ANZUS - Consequences

• Because of their agreement, Australia and New
  Zealand had to join the Vietnam War
• In 1986, New Zealand refused to allow American
  ships to dock in its ports because they carried
  nuclear weapons. Because of this, New Zealand
  was cut out of the ANZUS pact

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CENTO

• Central Treaty Organization (1955-1979)

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CENTO Baghdad Pact / Creation

• Came from the Baghdad Pact, a mutual security
  agreement from 1954, which then became the CENTO,
  in response to the desire for a less
  geographically- orientated name to reflect the
  support of Western values
• Composed of Turkey, Iran, Pakistan, and the UK
  (joined in 1955), and the US (officially joined
  in 1958) - Iraq rescinded membership in 1959
• The new Iraqi Regime soon established
  relationships with Soviet Union, China, other
  socialism countries
• Pro-Western-countries in the Middle East fear for
  military coups of their own asked for support
  and military aid from the UK and the US

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CENTO - About

• Modeled after NATO main purpose was to oppose
  Soviet and Communist movements, and provide
  security, not interfere with internal affairs
  exclusively defensive aims
• Conflict of interest regional powers wanted
  support from Western Powers, but Western Powers
  didnt want to have to spend huge amounts
• Did not have a unified military command
  structure, disagreements on internal structure
  between regional powers and the US and UK were
  based on the fear of unreasonable demands for
  military assistance
• Iran was a key location to UK, due to the
  defensive position (the most direct bridge
  between the Soviet Union and Turkey and
  Pakistan), as well as economic policies
• The Middle East was of particular interest to the
  UK and the US because of the oil-producing
  capabilities of the region, as well as the
  potential threat from some of the unstable
  governments in the area

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CENTO UN Involvement and Long-term Consequences

• The Middle East members did not want to include
  Iraq, the UK argued that the door should remain
  open for potential agreements in the future
• Was a source of international solidarity between
  regional powers for the 20 operational years, and
  a bond to Western ideals
• Helped modernize Turkey, and made significant
  economic contributions to regional powers from
  the US and UK
• Often considered to be the failed treaty of the
  Cold War, due to the fact that other regional
  countries did not join, and the conflict of
  interest between the regional and Western
  countries, as well as the loss of Iraq
• Considered to maybe be the UKs substitution for
  control over India UK also had alliances with
  India and Pakistan through SEATO
• The UN had essentially no involvement with CENTO

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CENTO - Timeline

• 1954 February Turkey signs a Pact of Mutual
  Cooperation with Pakistan.1955 February 24 A
  military agreement is signed between Iraq and
  Turkey, and the term "Baghdad Pact" begins to be
  used. Iran, Pakistan and UK join the Baghdad
  Pact.1958 Military Coup in Iraq, US joins
  1959 March The new republican regime of Iraq
  withdraws the country from the alliance, name is
  changed to CENTO to reflect new goals1979 The
  new Islamic regime of Iran withdraws the country
  from CENTO, and the organization dissolves

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Resources

• http//www.bartleby.com/65/st/SthEATO.html
• http//eh.lenin.ru/english/7or/org/xseato.htm
• http//www.historycentral.com/postwar/Seato20Foun
  ded.html
• http//www.theage.com.au/ffximage/2005/11/08/wbOPI
  NION_narrowweb__300x374,0.jpg
• www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/int-seat.html
• Göktepe, C. The Forgotten Alliance
  Anglo-Turkish Relations and CENTO,1959-1965,
  MES, Vol. 35, No. 4 (Oct. 1999), pp. 103-129.
• http//www.worldstatesmen.org/CENTO.jpg
• http//lexicorient.com/e.o/baghdad_pact.htm