Ephedra sp. Mormon pioneers in the American Southwest used the dried stems of this plant to make tea. Also known as longleaf ephedra, desert jointfir, desert ephedra, popotilla, teposote, canatilla and long-leaved joinfir.

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Ephedra sp. Mormon pioneers in the American
Southwest used the dried stems of this plant to
make tea. Also known as longleaf ephedra, desert
jointfir, desert ephedra, popotilla, teposote,
canatilla and long-leaved joinfir.
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Pinus ponderosa
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Pinus ponderosa P. C. Lawson

• Pitch used to hold the hair in place (Cheyenne)
• Needles jabbed into the scalp for dandruff
• (Flathead)
• Inner bark used for food (Blackfoot)
• Roots used to make a blue dye (Cheyenne)
• Pitch used as glue (Crow)

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Rhus trilobata Nutt.
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Rhus trilobata Nutt.

• Dried fruit ground and dusted onto smallpox
  pustules (Blackfoot)
• Leaves used for head colds, decoction of leaves
  used as a diuretic, fruit chewed for toothaches
  (Cheyenne)
• Berries used for food and juice and mouth
  cleanser
• Plant used in salve form for poison ivy
  dermatitis.

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Juniperus scopulorum Sarg.
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Juniperus scopulorum Sarg.Rocky Mountain Juniper

• Infusion of berries taken for vomiting
  (Blackfoot)
• Fleshy cones chewed for colds (Cheyenne)
• Infusion taken for diarrhea (Crow)
• Fleshy cones chewed for upset stomach (Crow)
• Wood used to make lance shafts and bows (Montana
  Indians)

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Monstera deliciosa
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Monstera deliciosa

• Family Araceae
• Monocot
• Perennial, often huge, herbs mostly tropical.
• Aerial stems and the stems erect
• Climbing by means of aerial roots
• Edible fruit

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Nuphar sp
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Nuphar sp.Yellow Pondlily

• Dry porous rhizomes ground fine and applied to
  wounds as a styptic (Sioux)
• Parched seeds eaten like popcorn (various tribes)
• Seedpods well flavored and nutritious
• Thick, fleshy rhizomes used in meat stews
• Decoction of rootstocks added to bath water to
  treat rheumatism (Flathead)

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Asarum caudatum
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Asarum caudatum Lindl.Wild Ginger

• Used as analgesic and antirheumatic cures
• Gastrointestinal treatment
• Dried and pounded leaves used as snuff (Cheyenne)
• Poultice of fresh leaves applied to wounds
  (Cheyenne)
• Root used as an appetizer in all cooked foods

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Aquilegia coerulea JamesFamily Ranunculaceae
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Aquilegia spFamily Ranunculaceae

• Infusion of roots taken for heart trouble
  (Cheyenne)
• As candy, flowers sucked for the sweet nectar
  (all tribes)
• Seed chewed or infusion of roots used when sick
  all over
• Flowers and entire plant kept as good luck charm

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Argeome polyanthemos
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Argeome polyanthemosFamily Ranunculaceae

• Salve of pulverized seed used on burns, cuts, and
  scrapes.
• Used to make a yellow dye (Sioux)
• Poultice of pounded, ripe seeds applied as
  hemorrhoid remedy.
• Moistened, pulverized seed used to kill head
  lice.
• Infusion used as eye wash

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Plant Sub-classes

• Magnoliopsida (Dicots)
• Magnoliidae
• Hamamelidae
• Caryophyllidae
• Dilleniidae
• Rosidae
• Asteridae
• Liliopsida (Monocots)
• Alismatidae
• Arecidae
• Commelinidae
• Zingiberidae
• Liliidae
• (Arthur Cronquist. 1988. The Evolution and
  Classification of Flowering Plants)

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Dicot Phyletic Relationships

• (Arthur Cronquist. 1988. The Evolution and
  Classification of Flowering Plants)
• This alignment features the Magnoliidae as
  including extant dicot elements that carry the
  greatest number of archaic features (similar to
  the 'original' flowering plant) and the Asteridae
  (Sunflowers and relatives) as the most 'derived'
  or specialized element of the Class.

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Rosidae

• The Rosidae is the largest subclass of the
  flowering plants. Its 18 orders, 114 families,
  and over 58,000 species comprise over one third
  of the dicotyledonous families. The number of
  species is only approached by the Asteridae.
  Almost 75 percent of the species are classified
  in five orders Fabales, Euphorbiales, Myrtales,
  Rosales, and Sapindales.

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Rosidae

• The basal members of this sub-class are
  comparable to the primitive Magnoliidae whereas
  the most advanced members share features with
  members of the Asteridae.

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Rosidae ILarger flowers, apocarpous or
monocarpous gynoecia

• Basal (more primitive) orders
• Rosales
• Fabales
• Proteales
• Podostemales
• Haloragales
• Myrtales
• Rhizophorales
• Cornales
• Santalales
• Rafflesiales

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Rosidae IIReduction in overall flower size,
aggregation of flowers into complex
inflorescences.

• More advanced orders
• Celastrales
• Euphorbiales
• Rhamnales
• Linales
• Polygalales
• Sapindales
• Geraniales
• Apiales

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Euphorbiaceae

• More advanced Euphorbiales (Rosidae II)
• Herbs, shrubs, stem succulents or trees, often
  with milky sap
• Large (300 genera, 7500 species) pan-tropical
  family, sparingly represented in temperate areas.
• Some of the succulent types of cactus bear a
  remarkable, superficial resemblance to columnar
  cacti.
• The large genus, Euphorbia, has a unique, highly
  modified inflorescence called a cyanthium. The
  outer portion of this inflorescence consists of a
  cuplike involucre of 4-5 connate bracts.

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Euphorbia marginata Pursh.
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Croton texensis

• Not documented in Montana, but should be in
  southeastern portion of state. Plant is
  documented in Wyoming.

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Euphorbia pulcherrimasyn Poinsettia pulcherrima

• Christmas poinsettia
• Native to Mexico and Central America.
• Winter-flowering shrub to ten feet.

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Aceraceae

• More advanced Sapindales (Rosidae II)
• North temperate regions and southeast Asia
• Shrubs or trees
• Two to four genera in family with Acer genus only
  one represented in Montana
• Common characteristic is opposite leaf
  arrangement and fruit a schizocarp.

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Acer glabrum Torrey
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Acer negundo L.
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Acer grandidentatum Nutt.
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Rutaceae

• More advanced Sapindales (Rosidae II)
• The citrus fruits are representative
• Often armed with thorns
• Widespread, especially common in tropic and
  sub-tropics of both Old and New Worlds
• Herbs, shrubs, or trees
• 150 genera and 900-1500 species
• No representatives of this family natively occur
  in Montana

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Ruta graveolens L.

• Survives as a perennial herb in Montana gardens.
• Causes dermatitis in some people.
• Native to southern Europe.

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Ptelea trifoliata

• Native to North America
• Strongly aromatic leaves
• Aka Stinking Ash
• Grows in Billings gardens

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Dictamnus albus L.

• Native to southern Europe to northern Asia
• Extremely variable perennial herb
• Aka gas plant
• Strong smelling
• Survives perennially in Billings gardens

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Citrus x paradisiGrapefruit

• Culture of grapefruit primarily developed in
  Florida and is essentially a North American
  enterprise
• Important crop in south Texas and southern
  California.
• Evergreen, usually thorny.
• Genus native to se Asia
• Fragrant leaves and flowers

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Phellodendron amurense

• Rutaceae family
• Grows in Billings gardens but native to Amur
  River region of eastern Asia
• Skunk-like odor

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Rhus trilobata

• Native to Montana and in family Anacardiaceae
• Anacardiaceae in order Sapindales of sub-class
  Rosidae
• Has distinctive odor
• AKA skunkbush sumac