Waterborne Infectious Diseases Prevention of Guinea Worm and Post Guinea Worm Eradication Management

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Waterborne Infectious DiseasesPrevention of
Guinea Worm andPost Guinea Worm Eradication
Management

• Presented by Daniel
• Yawo Akrodou
• Walden University Public Health
• Ph.D. Student

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Waterborne Disease Definition

• Waterborne infectious diseases are
• caused by the ingestion of water
• contaminated by human or animal
• excrements, which contain
• pathogenic microorganisms
• Examples Guinea Worm,
• Schistosomiasis, and Intestinal Nematode.

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Contaminated Water with dangerous germs.
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Schistosomiasis
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Intestinal Nematode
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Waterborne Infectious Diseases Social Impacts

• Waterborne diseases cause 39 of diarrheal
  diseases
• 3.5 to 18 million children deaths per year
  worldwide.
• Malaria represents 14 of waterborne diseases
• 526 million deaths per year

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Waterborne Infectious Diseases Social Impacts

• Intestinal nematode 2 of waterborne diseases(
  ascariasis, trichuriasis and hookworm)
• 2 billion of infections per year world
  wide
• Trachoma 2, schistosomiasis and Guinea worm 1
  of waterborne diseases
• Affect 1 million of people per year

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Overview of Guinea Worm

• Guinea worm disease is a parasitic disease
  transmitted through drinking water contaminated
  with infected water fleas. Guinea worm exits
  through the body after one year growth, causing
  painful blisters in the skin (The Carter Center,
  2008).

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Guinea Worms
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Fully Grown Female Guinea Worm

• It can reach 3 feet long in one year !

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Guinea Worm Symptoms

• Once ingested, the female worm grows up to 3
  feet in one year and causes when ready to exit
  fever, nausea, chills, lethargy
• followed by painful skin ulcers when the worm
  emerges

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Guinea Worm Chain of Infection

• 1- How Do we Get Guinea Worm ?
• Guinea worms enter the body when a person
  drinks water containing tiny fleas that are
  infected with guinea worm larvae.

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Guinea Worm Chain of Infection

• 2-Guinea Worm Multiplication
• The fleas digested release larvae into
  abdominal tissues where they mate and start their
  development process.
• Growing Larva

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Guinea Worm Chain of Infection

• 3-Growing Phase
• Female worms growing up to 3 feet long move
  through the body mostly to the lower limbs.

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Guinea Worm Chain of Infection

• 4-Exiting Phase
• After one year, the mature worm emerges from
  the blister it creates. The victim, in pain
  rushes to cool in the water.

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Guinea Worm Infesting Water

• .
• 5-Phase of water infesting
• Once the person infected contacts water, the
  worm releases clouds of larvae into the water.
• 6-Phase Infecting Fleas
• Water fleas consume the larvae which resists
  digestion and will be able to infect people who
  will drink the contaminated water.

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Guinea Worm Life Cycle

• Guinea worm chain of infection can be broken.

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Guinea Worm SocioeconomicalImpacts

• Physical incapacity to work for months or
  permanently.
• Lack of human resources to work in the farm.
• Tremendous economical losses when entire
  families and villages are crippled .
• Increasing rate of school dropped out.

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Guinea Worm Prevention

• Is there a cure for guinea worm?
• The answer is no. Also, there is no vaccine or
  medication for its cure.
• No Cure !
  No Vaccine!
• No Medication!

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Good New Guinea Worm Can be Prevented

• Major Prevention Campaigns Works are underway
  with
• Better results.
• Considerable decreases of new cases of Guinea
  Worm.
• In 1986 there were more than three million cases
  of the disease, almost all in Africa in 2005
  only just over 16,000.

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Basic Prevention Methods

• Instructing targeted population to
• Avoid drinking contaminated water
• Filtering water before using it.
• Monitored infected person to avoid contact with
  water sources

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Basic Prevention Methods

• Use of safe sources of water.
• Water treatment with portable filters.

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Solving Behavioral Issues

• Begin forming culturally appropriate
  interventions
• Local guinea worm education committee as
  eradication effort support
• Cultural group to convince local people that
  guinea worm is not a curse
• Creation of incentive programs to encourage
  people

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Guinea Worm Selective Campaigns

• Special group of guinea worm education for women
  in targeted areas where women are in charge of
  domestic tasks
• Special education program for young people, and
  children

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Current Major Obstacles to Eradicate Guinea Worm

• Security problems in some endemic countries
  (Example Sudan).
• Lack of political leaders wills in some endemic
  countries.
• Difficulty in behavioral change of people.
• Absence of real clinical treatment like a vaccine
  or medication treatment.
• Inadequate funding at certain times.

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Solving Current Problems

• Creation of advocacy groups to support major
  institutions which are already working on the
  field.
• Convincing governments, local authorities,
• and organizing meetings, workshops to inform
  people worldwide.
• Organizing concerts, cultural games and fund
  raisings to advance guinea worm eradication.

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Long Term Solutions

• Clinical researches to find medication and
  vaccine to treat guinea warm
• Tight guinea worm programs surveillance in the
  zone where the disease is stubborn

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Long Term Solutions

• Adequate water supply system must be created to
  solve water scarcity problems

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Long Term Solutions

• Establishment of continual education programs for
  local people.

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Long Term Solutions

• Tight guinea worm programs surveillance in the
  zones where the disease is stubborn

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Acknowledgements

• Special thanks to Dr. Raymond Thron to give us
  this opportunity to realize this presentation
• Thanks you very much.

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References

• Barry, M.(2007),"The Tail End of Guinea Worm
  Global Eradication without a Drug or a
  Vaccine", New England Journal of Medicine 356
  (25) 25612564 
• Bern. C. (1992). The magnitude of the global
  problem of diarrheal disease a ten year update.
  Bulletin of the World Health Organization,
  70705-14.Henning, B. (2008). Efficient water
  market mechanisms to cope with water scarcity.
  International Journal of Water Resources
  Development, Volume 19, Issue 4 December 2003 ,
  pages 553 - 567Snow, M., White, G.L., Kim,
  H.S.(2008). Inexpensive and Time-Efficient Hand
  Hygiene Interventions Increase Elementary School
  Children's Hand Hygiene Rates. Journal of School
  Health, v78 n4 p230-233 Apr 2008The Carter
  Center, (2008) "Guinea Worm Eradication Program",
  T, http//www.cartercenter.org/health/guinea_worm/
  index.html, retrieved on 2008-07-15

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References

• U.S. Centers for Disease Control and
  Prevention.(2008). Dracunculiasis,
  http//www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dpd/parasites/dracunculi
  asis/factsht_dracunculiasis.htmtreatment
  Retrieved 2008-07-15
• WHO.(2008). Safer water, better health Costs,
  benefits and sustainability of interventionsto
  protect and promote health. Retrieved July 15,
  2009 from http//whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/20
  08/9789241596435_eng.pdf
• World Health Organization.(2007). World moves
  closer to eradicating ancient worm disease.
  http//www.who.int/mediacentre/news/notes/2007/np1
  5/en/index.html. Retrieved July 15,2008.