Introduction to Military Law Command and Control Law of Armed Conflict

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Introduction to Military LawCommand and
ControlLaw of Armed Conflict

• Week Three
• 30 Jan 08
• Lt Col Jennifer Rider

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COMMAND AND CONTROL
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Overview

• The basics definitions
• Organizations within
• the military chain of
• command
• Command relationships
• Command authority

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What does Command mean?
The authority that a commander in the Armed
Forces lawfully exercises over subordinates by
virtue of rank or assignment. Command includes
the authority and responsibility for effectively
using available resources and for planning the
employment of, organizing, directing,
coordinating, and controlling military forces for
the accomplishment of assigned missions. It
also includes responsibility for health, welfare,
morale, and discipline of assigned
personnel. DOD Dictionary Joint Pub 1-02

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What does Command and Control mean?
The exercise of authority and direction by a
properly designated commander over assigned and
attached forces in the accomplishment of the
mission. Also called C2. DOD Dictionary
Joint Pub 1-02

7 October 2004
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What does Chain of Command mean?
The succession of commanding officers from a
superior to a subordinate through which command
is exercised.
DOD Dictionary Joint Pub 1-02

7 October 2004
Link for DOD Dictionary http//www.dtic.mil/doct
rine/jel/doddict/index.html
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What does JOINT mean?
Connotes activities, operations, organizations,
etc., in which elements of two or more Military
Departments participate DOD Dictionary Joint
Pub 1-02

Modern warfare demands we (the military) fight as
a integrated teamAmerican military operations
are conducted under JOINT force commandersin
other words


WE FIGHT
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Overview

• The basics definitions
• Organizations within the military chain of
  command
• Command relationships
• Command authority

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The BIG Picture
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How is command and control exercised?

• By the President and SECDEF through two distinct
  branches
• Operational Direction of forces assigned to
  combatant commands
• Administrative Other than operational direction
• Operational branch
• President through SECDEF to the combatant
  commanders (and subordinates if authority is
  delegated)
• Administrative branch
• President through SECDEF to Service secretary to
  CSAF to MAJCOM/NAF/WING

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The President

• The President holds the constitutional authority
  to direct the Armed Forces
• The President shall be Commander in Chief of the
  Army and Navy of the United States, and of the
  Militia of the several States, when called into
  the actual Service of the United States.
• U.S. Constitution, Article II, Section 2

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The Secretary of Defense

• The Secretary of Defense is the Principal
  National Security Advisor to the President
• Subject to the direction of the President
• has authority, direction, and control over the
  DoD. 10 U.S.C. 113

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The Role of Congress

• U.S. Constitution, Article I, Section 8
• To declare War
• To raise and support Armies
• To provide and maintain a Navy
• To make Rules for the Government and Regulation
  of the land and naval Forces the Uniform Code of
  Military Justice and
• To make all Laws which shall be necessary and
  proper for carrying into Execution the foregoing
  Powers. including fiscal matters

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The Role of Congress

• U.S. Constitution, Article I, Section 8
• To declare War
• To raise and support Armies
• To provide and maintain a Navy
• To make Rules for the Government and Regulation
  of the land and naval Forces the Uniform Code of
  Military Justice and
• To make all Laws which shall be necessary and
  proper for carrying into Execution the foregoing
  Powers. including fiscal matters

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The National Security Council

• Chaired by the President
• Presidents principal forum for considering
  national security and foreign policy matters
• Function Council advises and assists the
  President on national security and foreign policy

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The National Security Council

• Chaired by the President
• Presidents principal forum for considering
  national security and foreign policy matters
• Function Council advises and assists the
  President on national security and foreign policy

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The BIG Picture
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The Armed Services

• 3 Military Departments Air Force, Army, Navy (
  Marines), sometimes USCG
• Service Secretaries are responsible for
• Recruiting
• Organizing
• Supplying
• Equipping
• Training
• Services DO NOT fight wars!!

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The Air Force

• Major Commands
• ACC, AMC, AETC, AFMC, AFSOC, USAFE, PACAF
• Numbered Air Forces
• 1st AF, 9th AF, 12th AF, etc.
• Wings
• Groups
• Squadrons

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The BIG Picture
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The Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff

• Not a Commander
• The Principal Military Advisor to the President
  and SECDEF
• Presides over JCS
• Assists communication between the
  President/SECDEF and the Combatant Commanders
• Coordinates with Combatant Commands
• Roles and missions
• Programs and budgets
• Doctrine and joint training

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The Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff

• Not a Commander
• The Principal Military Advisor to the President
  and SECDEF
• Presides over JCS
• Assists communication between the
  President/SECDEF and the Combatant Commanders
• Coordinates with Combatant Commands
• Roles and missions
• Programs and budgets
• Doctrine and joint training

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Goldwater-Nichols

• The Goldwater-Nichols DoD Reorganization Act of
  1986
• Biggest change to DoD since NSA of 1947
• CJCS made principal military adviser
• CJCS manages Joint Staff
• Assigned all forces to Combatant Commanders
  except those performing service-only functions

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The BIG Picture
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Combatant Commands

• Broad continuing mission
• Single commander designated by President through
  SECDEF
• Receives advice and assistance of CJCS
• Typically have geographic or functional
  responsibilities
• Authority derived from
• 10 USC 164
• Unified Command Plan (UCP)

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Combatant Commands

• Geographic-- mission is defined by a general
  geographic area of responsibility
• Functional--mission is worldwide performance of
  a warfighting function

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Geographic Combatant Commands

• US EUROPEAN COMMAND
• USEUCOM
• US PACIFIC COMMAND
• USPACOM
• US SOUTHERN COMMAND
• USSOUTHCOM
• US NORTHERN COMMAND
• USNORTHCOM
• US CENTRAL COMMAND
• USCENTCOM

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(No Transcript)
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Functional Combatant Commands

• US TRANSPORTATION COMMAND
• USTRANSCOM
• US STRATEGIC COMMAND
• USSTRATCOM
• US JOINT FORCES COMMAND
• USJFCOM
• US SPECIAL OPERATIONS COMMAND
• USSOCOM

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The BIG Picture
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Service Component Commands

• Includes all Service forces assigned to a
  combatant command
• Commanded by Services senior officer assigned to
  forces
• e.g., for the AF it is the COMAFFOR Commander,
  Air Force Forces
• For US Central Command Air Forces the COMAFFOR is
  Lt Gen Buchanan (9AF/CC)

Lt Gen Buchanan
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Service Component Commands

• Responsibilities based on Services support
  function (organize, train, equip)
• Advise on proper employment of forces
• Conduct joint training
• Responsible for Service specific logistics
• Conduct operational missions if assigned by
  combatant commander / JTF commander
• OPCON / TACON delegated by combatant commander or
  JTF commander
• ADCON of Service forces through the Service chain
  of command

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The BIG Picture
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Functional Component Commands

• Established by Joint Force Commander (JFC)
  (combatant commander) or JTF commander
• Forces, responsibilities, and authorities
  assigned /delegated to the functional component
  commander
• Performs operational missions
• Joint Forces Air Component Command
• Joint Forces Land Component Command
• Joint Forces Maritime Component Command
• Includes forces from more than one service
• Authorities delegated OPCON and/or TACON

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The BIG Picture
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The Joint Task Force (JTF)

• A JTF is a joint force typically designated by
  SECDEF or a Combatant Commander.
• It may be established on either a geographical
  area or on a functional basis.
• JTF-Southwest Asia
• JTF-Computer Network Operations
• Usually for a limited duration accomplishment
  of mission/purpose
• The commander of a JTF will normally be delegated
  OPCON by the combatant commander
• May have subordinate functional components or
  service components

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Overview

• The basics definitions
• Organizations within the military chain of
  command
• Command relationships
• Command authority

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Command Relationships Other Authority

• Combatant Command (COCOM)
• Operational Control (OPCON)
• Tactical Control (TACON)
• Support
• Other Authority - Administrative Control (ADCON)

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Combatant Command (COCOM)

• Vested only in commanders of Combatant Commands
• Non-delegable/non-transferable
• Authoritative direction to subordinate commands
  forces necessary to carry out missions assigned
  to the command including
• Military operations
• Joint training, and
• Logistics
• COCOM includes all authorities discussed in
  OPCON, TACON and Support

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Operational Control (OPCON)

• Authoritative direction over subordinate forces
  involving all aspects of military operations
  necessary to accomplish assigned missions
• Organizing
• Employing
• Assigning tasks
• Designating objectives
• Prescribe chain of command to subordinate
  commands and forces
• Exercised at levels at or below Combatant Command
• Inherent in COCOM
• Delegable

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Tactical Control(TACON)

• Command authority over assigned or attached
  forces made temporarily available to control and
  direct
• Movements or maneuvers to accomplish assigned
  missions or tasks
• Does not provide organizational authority
• Typically exercised by functional component
  commanders
• Exercised levels at or below Combatant Command
• Inherent in COCOM and OPCON
• Delegable

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Support

• Established by a superior commander between
  subordinate commanders
• One organization to aid, protect, complement, or
  sustain another organization
• Exercised at levels at or below Combatant Command
• Inherent in COCOM
• Establishing directive specifies
• Purpose of relationship
• Effect desired
• Scope of support relationship (general, mutual,
  direct or close)
• Degree of authority of supported commander over
  supporting commander

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Administrative Control(ADCON)

• Authority over subordinate organizations for
• Administration
• Support
• Synonymous with Title 10 organize, train and
  equip Service responsibilities
• May be delegated
• Included in ADCON
• Discipline
• Organization of service forces

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Administrative Control(ADCON)

• Includes (contd) such matters as
• Control of resources equipment
• Personnel management
• Individual and unit training
• And all other matters not included in the
  operational missions
• Key area for deployed legal personnel
• Issues associated with Reserve/ANG forces

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Overview

• The basics definitions
• Organizations within the military chain of
  command
• Command relationships
• Command authority

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Command Authority The Commander

• Only one person in a command billet per
  organization
• Statutory obligations (e.g., Court-Martial
  Convening Authority or Article 15 Authority)

Lt Gen John F. Regni Commander, Air University
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Who Can Be A Commander?

• AFI 51-604 sets out the rules
• Two ways to be a commander
• Assumption - most senior
• Senior is presumed most qualified
• Promotions premised on ability to assume duties
  of the next higher grade
• DUTY to command
• Appointment - viewed as most qualified
• Equal or Senior in grade
• Not necessarily senior in rank

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Requirements for Command

• To command an organization, an officer must be
• Assigned to the organization
• Present for duty (can be absent for short
  periods for TDYs and leave)
• Otherwise eligible and authorized to command the
  organization

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Special Rules

• Flying units
• Think wings
• Aeronautical rating
• Civilians
• Enlisted
• JAGs AFLSA/CC
• Chaplains
• Medical personnel

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QUESTIONS??