Sedimentary Geology Geos 240 Camosun College Dr. Tark Hamilton Text: Sediments

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Sedimentary GeologyGeos 240 Camosun College Dr.
Tark HamiltonText Sediments Basins Andrew
D. Miall, 2006Lab Ancient Environments the
Interpretation of Geologic History , Lynn S.
Fichter David J. Poche, 3rd ed. 2001
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Sedimentary GeologyGeos 240 IntroductionChapte
r 1

• Dr. Tark Hamilton
• Camosun College

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SEDIMENTS CSI EARTH!
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Sedimentary GeologyGeos 240 Dr. Tark
HamiltonSediments Basins Andrew D. Miall,
2006Introduction Why Study Sediments?

• Record of Earth History environments, orbits,
  climate, atmosphere, sea level, physical
  processes
• Natural Resources Building Stone Aggregate
  Hydrocarbons Coal, Oil, Gas Salts Halite,
  Gypsum, Nitrates SMS Pb-Zn, Ground Water

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Folded Faulted Upper Jurassic Coal-bearing
Sediments Foothills, Canadian Rockies Canmore
Alberta
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Sedimentary GeologyGeos 240 Dr. Tark
HamiltonSediments Basins Andrew D. Miall,
2006Introduction Where to Sediments Occur?

• Basins low lying areas for tectonic or erosional
  causes
• Under Water Seas, Lakes, Rivers
• On Land Deserts, By Glaciers, By Mountains
• From Weathering Chemical, Mechanical
• FromTransport By Ice, Water, Wind, Mass Wasting

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ISOPACH MAP

• Sediment Thickness in Km 60 of Earth gt 500m,
  13 gt 10 km

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Sedimentary Basins

• Mackenzie-Beaufort
• Western Canada (Alberta - NE BC)
• Williston (Sask Man Mont -Dakotas)
• Appalachain, Michigan, West Texas, Green River
• North Sea
• Baltic
• Deep Marine Pacific, Indian, Atlantic

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NORTH AMERICANSEDIMENTARY BASINS
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What can various sediments reveal?

• Earths Oldest Rocks are FeCO3 3.75 Ga from
  Eastern Hudsons Bay/Ungava Peninsula (N.
  Dauphas, S. Mojzsis N. Cates 2007. Oldest Rocks
  Show How Earth May Have Dodged Frozen Fate Of
  Mars, E.P.S. L.)
• Seasonal Occupation of a Late Middle Woodland
  Archeological Site (D.S. Brose 1994. The South
  Park Village Site and the Late Prehistoric
  Whittlesey Tradition of Northeast Ohio (Monogaphs
  in World Archaeology, Vol 20. 226p.)

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What can various sediments reveal?

• Proterozoic Orthoquartzites Rodinias Super
  Continent Long lasting Desert
• Northern Hemisphere Harbour Sediments Worldwide
  1920s 1980s Pb from gasoline
• Short Lived Radionuclides from Atmospheric
  Weapons Testing 1956-1964, more in northern
  hemisphere plus metals, dioxins, pharmaceutical
• History of fluid motions in Sedimentary Basins

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CONCEPTS Processes ? Products

• Sedimentolgy, Stratigraphy, Diagenesis
• Environments, Groundwater Flow, Rock Properties
• Weathering, Cements, Concretions

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REGIONAL SETTING FACIES ANALYSIS
Jurassic Outcrops
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How do we study sediments, sedimentary rocks and
sedimentary basins?

• Stratigraphy Geophysics, Petrophysics,
  Boreholes
• Lithologies Rock types, Geometries, Provenance
• Environments Fossils, Sedimentary Structures,
• Minerals, Isotopes, Geochemistry, Fluids

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Different Kinds of Stratigraphy

• Lithostratigraphy composition, extent,
  classificatio
• Chronostratigraphy dating correlation
• Biostratigraphy fossil content, assemblages
• Magnetostratigraphy magnetic reversals
  directions
• Stable Isotope Stratigraphy 18/16O, 13/12C
• Sequence Stratigraphy tectonics, eustasy, cycles

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SEDIMENTS CSI EARTH!
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