Socio-economic Baseline Study Agroforestry and Sustainable Vegetables Production in Southeast Asian Watershed

1
Socio-economic Baseline StudyAgroforestry and
Sustainable Vegetables Production in Southeast
Asian Watershed

• Case Study Nanggung Sub-district, Bogor,
  Indonesia

Suseno Budidarsono, Kusuma Wijaya and James
Roshetko World Agroforestry Centre ICRAF
Southeast Asia Regional Office Bogor, Indonesia
2
Objective

• Provide a socio-economic data as a basis for
  socio-economic impact assessment of integrated
  vegetable-agroforestry system

3
The scope of the study

• Socio-economic data
• Farm characteristics
• Gender roles
• Household income and consumption
• Labor availability

4
The study site
KECAMATAN NANGGUNG
5
The study site
Attributes Hambaro Parakan Muncang Sukaluyu Kecamatan Nanggung

Physical characteristics
1.   Altitude (m above sea level) 400 700 300 400 300 700 200 1800
2.   Area (ha)
    Total Area 355.78 605.2 207.3 10,999.10
    Agricultural Land (Excluded national park) 75.9 85.4 68.9 63.8
Demography
  Population (person) 6,044 10,722 4,530 75,109
  Number of households (hh) 1,268 1,536 1,047 19,321
  Population Density (ps km-1) 1,699 1,772 2,185 683
  Agriculture Density (ps ha-1) 22 21 32 11
Accessibility (km)
  Distance to Nanggung Market 6.5 2 6
  Distance to Leuwiliang Market 12 10 11
6
Methods

• Household Survey Multistage Random
  Sampling with Propotional Stratification
• 3 Villages (Hambaro, Parakan Muncang, Sukaluyu
  village)
• 4,302 inhabitants (22.3 of total sub-district)
• 2,940 population of study (households who
  controlling the land)
• 185 households as respondent (households who
  practiced vegetable farming)

7
Methods
Population and Sample Size
  Hambaro Hambaro Parakan Muncang Parakan Muncang Sukaluyu Sukaluyu Total Total
1. Inhabitants of Village 1,257 1,257 1,880 1,880 1,165 1,165 4,302 4,302
2. Population of the Study (Households controlling land) 577 577 1,545 1,545 818 818 2,940 2,940
3. Sample by Land Size (m2) n Pop n samples n Pop n samples n Pop n samples n Pop n samples
5 100 33.6 20 43.4 26 15.6 10 33.7 56
101 1000 46.3 28 40.1 24 20.7 12 35.9 64
1001 2000 12.5 7 9.6 6 17.1 10 12.3 23
2001 4000 4.9 3 4.6 3 18.6 11 8.5 17
4001 6000 1.6 2 0.8 2 12.5 8 4.2 12
gt 6000 1.2 2 1.4 2 15.5 9 5.3 13
Total   62   63   60   185
8
Findings

• Physical characteristics
• Socio Economic Characteristics
• Land Ownership
• Farming System Characteristics

9
Physical characteristics
Physical infrastructures and Unit Ratio to the related significance unit.
Public utilities of Nanggung Sub-District Unit Ratio to the related significance unit.
Road network    
-  Paved/asphalted 70 km 636 m km-2,
-  Gravelled 110.5 km 1,004 m km-2
-  Dirt road 116.4 km 1,058 m km-2
Electricity supply (PLN) 7,619 houses in 9 villages 43.40
Telephone line 1.010 households 5.22
Education Facility    
-      Kindergarten 1  
-      Elementary school (SD/MI) 44 / 16  
-      Junior secondary school (SLTP/MT) 1/3  
Health Facility    
-      Puskesmas - Public health centre 2  
Marketing facilities    
-      Market 2  
-      Kios /warung 587  
-      Toko 39  
-      others 295  
10
Socio Economic Characteristics
Comparing with Province and National Data
  Nanggung West Java Province National
1. Population growth ( year-1) 0.4 2.2 1.5
2. Population density (ps km-1) 685 1100 114
3. Agricultural density (ps ha-1) 11 11 3
4. Working population () 66.10 60.36 65.72
5. Working population engage in agriculture () 63.40 32.90 46.30
6. Sex Ratio (male/female) 104.1 101.8 100.4
7. Average family member (ps hh-1) 5.2 3.5 3.8
8. Illiterate () 5.90   9.07
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Socio Economic Characteristics
  Hambaro Parakan Muncang Sukaluyu Total
  n 62 n 63 n 60 n 185
1. Total household members (persons) 343 328 289 960
2. Sex Ratio 111.73 105 97.95 105.13
3. Household Size        
1 4 33.90 33.30 48.30 38.40
5 8 51.60 63.50 43.30 53.00
gt 9 14.50 3.20 8.30 8.60
4. Range Household Size (persons/household) 2 11 1 12 2 10 1 12
5. Average family size 5.5 5.2 4.8 5.2
Age Structure        
lt 15 35.30 24.10 33.60 30.90
15 65 63.00 72.30 63.00 66.10
gt 65 1.70 3.70 3.50 2.90
Labor Force        
-  Proportion of Labor Force 63.00 72.30 63.00 66.10
-  Average labor force per household 3.5 3.8 2.9 3.4
Dependancy Ratio 58.80 38.40 58.80 51.20
12
Socio Economic Characteristics
Household Income by Sources of Income
Sources of Income Hambaro Hambaro Parakan Muncang Parakan Muncang Sukaluyu Sukaluyu Total Total
Sources of Income n Hh Total Income n Hh Total Income n Hh Total Income n Hh Total Income
Total Agriculture Income 74 22 73 9 87 14 78 14
Off Farm                
Off Farm Laborer 35 14 19 6 18 5 24 8
Trader/Merchant 65 29 68 42 43 19 59 30
Others Off Farm 53 21 40 35 47 24 46 26
Total Off Farm 94 63 95 83 95 47 95 65
                 
Total Non-fixed Income 37 15 38 8 35 39 37 21
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Socio Economic Characteristics
Household Income by Sources of Income
Income   Hambaro Hambaro Hambaro Parakan Muncang Parakan Muncang Parakan Muncang Sukaluyu Sukaluyu Sukaluyu Total Total Total
Income   n Rp 000 n Rp 000 n Rp 000 n Rp 000
Total Agriculture Income 46 12,737 22 46 8,004 9 52 11,070 14 144 31,812 14
Average time spent in agriculture activities (hours/day)   5.1     5.31     5.11     5.16  
                         
Off Farm Income 58 37,554 63 60 73,529 83 57 36,866 47 175 147,948 65
Average time spent in off-farm activities (hours/day)   5.54     5.83     5.34     5.59  
                         
Non-fixed Income 23 8,937 15 24 7,525 8 21 30,523 39 68 46,985 21
                         
Total Household Income 62 59,228 100 63 89,058 100 60 78,459 100 185 226,745 100
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Socio Economic Characteristics
Household Expenditure
Expenditures Hambaro Hambaro Hambaro Parakan Muncang Parakan Muncang Parakan Muncang Sukaluyu Sukaluyu Sukaluyu Total Total Total
Expenditures n Rp000 N Rp000 n Rp000 n Rp 000
1. Food 62 21,730 66 63 24,075 64 60 18,733 56 185 64,538 62
2. Education 42 3,190 10 33 2,983 8 39 2,801 8 114 8,974 9
3. Health 28 1,084 3 33 1,225 3 38 1,455 4 99 3,764 4
4. Others 56 4100.3 12 57 6,946 19 46 6,367 19 159 17,413 17
5. Farm Inputs 60 3,059 9 59 2,154 6 53 4,084 12 172 9,297 9
                         
Total Household Expenditure 62 33,163 100 63 37,383 100 60 33,440 100 185 103,986 100
Family Expenditure per household   535     593     557     562  
                         
Average Family Income Average Family Income 955     1,414     1,308     1,226  
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Socio Economic Characteristics
Poverty Line
  Hambaro Parakan Muncang Sukaluyu Sample Villages
Number of surveyed household 62 63 60 185
Number of family member 281 265 229 960
Total family income (Rp 000/month) 59,228 89,058 78,459 226,745
Range (Rp 000/month)
Minimum 28 8 20 8
Maximum 9,306 12,967 3,950 12,967
Average family income per household (Rp 000/month) 955 1,414 1,308 1,226
Income per capita (Rp 000/month) 173 272 271 236
Proportion of people below poverty line
  of Indonesia (Rp 150,000 capita-1 month -1) 67.70 38.10 51.70 52.40
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Land Ownership
Hambaro Parakan Muncang Sukaluyu Total
Total Land Size Surveyed (Ha) 20.60 27.05 29.22 76.87
Number of plot surveyed 103 102 105 310
Land Size Range (Ha) 0.003 - 3 0.002 - 2 0.003 - 1.8 0.002 - 3
Avg Land Size (Ha/Hh) 0.33 0.43 0.49 0.42
Avg Land Size (Ha/Fm) 0.07 0.12 0.12 0.1
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Land Ownership
18
Land Ownership
19
Land Ownership
20
Land Ownership
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Land Ownership
Way Obtaining Land by Land Status
Way Obtaining Land Land Status Land Status Land Status Land Status Land Status
Way Obtaining Land Privatly Owned Perhutani Land National Park Numpang Total
Opened from Forest 2 2
Bought 21 21
Inheritage 65 2 67
Using other persons land 3 2 0.3 5 10
Total 89 5 0.3 5 100
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Farming System Characteristics
Plot Characteristics
  Irrigated Paddyfield Rainfed Paddyfield Dry Land Monoculture Garden Simple Agroforest
1. Distance from Village (M2) 1. Distance from Village (M2) 1. Distance from Village (M2) 1. Distance from Village (M2) 1. Distance from Village (M2) 1. Distance from Village (M2)
500 m 82 83 95 78 77
500 - 1,000 m 5 6 0 22 19
1,000m lt 13 11 5 0 5
2. Time Needed to go to the plot (Minutes) 2. Time Needed to go to the plot (Minutes) 2. Time Needed to go to the plot (Minutes) 2. Time Needed to go to the plot (Minutes) 2. Time Needed to go to the plot (Minutes) 2. Time Needed to go to the plot (Minutes)
1 15 80 84 89 83 63
16 30 16 13 10 11 35
31 60 4 3 1 6 2
gt 60          
3. Plot Fertility 3. Plot Fertility 3. Plot Fertility 3. Plot Fertility 3. Plot Fertility 3. Plot Fertility
Quite Fertile to Very Fertile 87 53 87 83 67
Less Fertile 13 47 12 17 33
Not Fertile     1    
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Farming System Characteristics
Plot Characteristics
  Irrigated Paddyfield Rainfed Paddyfield Dry Land Monoculture Garden Simple Agroforest
4. Plot Slope 4. Plot Slope 4. Plot Slope 4. Plot Slope 4. Plot Slope 4. Plot Slope
Flat to Slightly Slope 88 64 93 89 47
Gently Slope 12 36 5 11 40
Slightly Step to Step Slope 0 0 2 0 14
5. Water Source for Irrigation 5. Water Source for Irrigation 5. Water Source for Irrigation 5. Water Source for Irrigation 5. Water Source for Irrigation 5. Water Source for Irrigation
Technical Drainage 14        
Simple Drainage 9 2 2    
Direct from River 17 5 4 11 2
Water Spring 53 8 14 6 7
Rain Fed 6 86 80 78 91
Others 1     6  
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Farming System Characteristics
Top Ten Vegetables Species Cultivated ( of plot
number)
Irrigated Paddyfield Rainfed Paddyfield Dry Land Monoculture Garden Simple Agroforest Total
Pisang (Musa sp.) 0.6   7.1 1.0 2.6 11.6
Kacang panjang (Vigna sinensis) 0.6   3.2   1.0 4.8
Timun (Trichosanthes cucumeroides maxim) 1.0   2.6   1.0 4.5
Kucai (Allium tuberosum)     1.0   2.3 3.2
Buncis (Phaseolus vulgaris)   0.3 1.3   1.0 2.6
Cabe (Capsicum frutescens)     1.9 0.3 0.3 2.6
Lengkuas (Alpinia galangal)     1.6   0.6 2.3
Jagung (Zea mays L.)     1.3   0.6 1.9
Jahe (Zingiber offcinale) 0.3 0.3 1.0 0.3   1.9
Kacang tanah (Arachis hypogaea ) 0.3 0.3 0.6 0.3   1.6
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Farming System Characteristics
Household experienced with Tree-annual crop
Farming System
  Hambaro Hambaro Parakan Muncang Parakan Muncang Sukaluyu Sukaluyu Total Total
  n n n n
Household experienced 1 1.60 3 4.80 15 25.00 19 10.30
Household not experienced 61 98.40 60 95.20 45 75.00 166 89.70
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Farming System Characteristics
Tree Species Annual Crop Species
Alpukat (Persea Americana), Nangka (Artocarpus heterophyllus) Kucai (Allium tuberosum)
Jengkol (Pithecellobium jiringa), Durian (Durio zibethinus) Kucai (Allium tuberosum)
Jengkol (Pithecellobium jiringa), Petai (Parkia speciosa) Kacang panjang (Vigna sinensis)
Kecapi (Sandoricum koetjape), Sengon (Paraserianthes falkataria), Mangga (Mangifera indica) Buncis (Phaseolus vulgaris), Kacang panjang (Vigna sinensis)
Mahoni (Swietenia macrophylla King), Sengon (Paraserianthes falkataria) Melinjo (Gnetum gnemon) Buncis (Phaseolus vulgaris), Kacang panjang (Vigna sinensis)
Melinjo (Gnetum gnemon) Buncis (Phaseolus vulgaris), Kacang panjang (Vigna sinensis)
Nangka (Artocarpus heterophyllus), Rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum) Buncis (Phaseolus vulgaris), Kacang panjang (Vigna sinensis)
Petai (Parkia speciosa) Kacang panjang (Vigna sinensis), Timun (Trichosanthes cucumeroides maxim)
Pinus (Pinus sp) Timun (Trichosanthes cucumeroides maxim), Kucai (Allium tuberosum), Buncis (Phaseolus vulgaris), Kacang panjang (Vigna sinensis)
Sengon (Paraserianthes falkataria) Kucai (Allium tuberosum), ,Kacang panjang (Vigna sinensis,)Timun (Trichosanthes cucumeroides maxim)
Melinjo (Gnetum gnemon), Nangka (Artocarpus heterophyllus) Buncis (Phaseolus vulgaris), Kacang panjang (Vigna sinensis)
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Farming System Characteristics
Average Level of Labour Input by land use type
(ps-day/ha/year)
Labor inputs Irrigated Paddyfield Rainfed Paddyfield Dry Land Monoculture Garden Simple Agroforest
1.1    Land Preparation 121.5 117.2 160.3 78.6 57.2
1.2    Nursery 10.9 10.6 1.7 0.1 0.3
1.3    Planting 57 50.8 80.9 24.1 33.8
1.4.  Maintaining 64.5 52.4 107.7 33.1 27.5
1.5.  Fertilizing 13.5 14.9 20.8 10.1 6.7
1.6.  Harvesting 66.6 56 49.1 19.1 16
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Farming System Characteristics
Labor inputs by land holding size and land use
type
Land size (ha) by household Irrigated Paddyfield Rainfed Paddyfield Dry Land Monoculture Garden Simple Agroforest
Land size (ha) by household Average Labor Input (ps-day/ha) Average Labor Input (ps-day/ha) Average Labor Input (ps-day/ha) Average Labor Input (ps-day/ha) Average Labor Input (ps-day/ha)
lt 0.1 483 433 580 274 185
0.11 - 0.3 234 215 261 93 118
0.31 - 0.5 128 59 160 19 124
0.51 - 0.7 113 45 30    
gt 0.71 254 45 73   21
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Farming System Characteristics
Level of External Farm Inputs by type of land use
type ( of plot)
  Irrigated Paddyfield Rainfed Paddyfield Dry Land Monoculture Garden Simple Agroforest
Chemical Fertilizer ()          
Urea 100 97 39 44 23
SP-36 91 94 54 56 35
KCL 24 16 20 39 16
NPK     2 22  
Other 5 2 5 5
Organic Fertilizer () 21 16 52 78 30
Pesticide () 88 91 33 44 16
30
Farming System Characteristics
Level of External Farm Inputs by type of land use
type (ps-day/ha/year)
  Irrigated Paddyfield Rainfed Paddyfield Dry Land Monoculture Garden Simple Agroforest
Chemical Fertilizer (Kg/Ha)          
Urea 426.5 691.7 179.5 180.6 28.7
SP-36 160 228.8 105 117.8 17.7
KCL 30.6 22.1 72 48.7 4.3
NPK     1.5 11.9  
Other 5.1 2.3 91.4 - 7
Organic Fertilizer (Kg/ha) 348.9 721.1 3,836.00 4,049.70 972
Pesticide (ml/ha) 6,368.60 2,402.50 10,214.10 1,087.50 364
31
Farming System Characteristics
Farm income by Species cultivated (per ha)
Commodity Unit n plot Price (Rp/unit) Average Yield (per ha) Income (Rp000/ha)
Timun (Trichosanthes cucumeroides maxim) kg 14 975 8,999 8,774
Cabe (Capsicum frutescens) kg 8 7,500 1,007 7,549
Jagung (Zea mays L.) kg 6 3,000 1,904 5,713
Caesin (Brassica rapa L.) kg 4 1,500 3,400 5,100
Kacang kedelai (Soya max piper) kg 1 2,000 2,500 5,000
Ubi Jalar (Ipomoea batatas) kg 1 1,000 5,000 5,000
Bayam (Alternanthera amoena voss) bundle 1 500 9,000 4,500
Jahe (Zingiber offcinale) kg 6 2,167 1,735 3,759
Kacang tanah (Arachis hypogaea L) kg 5 2,200 1,680 3,696
Kunyit (Curcuma longa) kg 5 833 3,824 3,187
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Farming System Characteristics
Marketable commodities and the marketing chain
(in by commodities)
Commodity Market Collector Consumer Wholeseller
Bayam (Alternanthera amoena voss)     100  
Cabe (Capsicum frutescens) 33.30 33.30 33.30  
Caesin (Brassica rapa L.)   25.00 75.00  
Jagung (Zea mays L.)   100    
Jahe (Zingiber offcinale) 75.00 25.00    
Kacang kedelai (Soya max piper)     100  
Kacang tanah (Arachis hypogaea L)   100    
Kunyit (Curcuma longa) 66.70 33.30    
Ubi Jalar (Ipomoea batatas)   100    
33
Farming System Characteristics
Average Level of Labour Input by land use type
and gender ( plot)
  Irrigated Paddyfield Rainfed Paddyfield Dry Land Monoculture Garden Simple Agroforest Total
Land Preparation            
  Proportion of male () 99.70 99.20 99.20 100 99.60 99.40
  Proportion of female () 0.30 0.80 0.80 0 0.40 0.60
Nursery            
  Proportion of male () 73.40 92.70 100 100 100 82.40
  Proportion of female () 26.60 7.30 0 0 0 17.60
Planting            
  Proportion of male () 59.60 54.70 83.30 84.90 94.10 71.10
  Proportion of female () 40.40 45.30 16.70 15.10 5.90 28.90
Maintaining            
  Proportion of male () 56.10 52.10 78.20 78.70 88.30 67.90
  Proportion of female () 43.90 47.90 21.80 21.30 11.70 32.10
34
Farming System Characteristics
Average Level of Labour Input by land use type
and gender ( plot)
  Irrigated Paddyfield Rainfed Paddyfield Dry Land Monoculture Garden Simple Agroforest Total
Fertilizing            
  Proportion of male () 75.10 98.00 89.80 70.50 99.50 87.10
  Proportion of female () 24.90 2.00 10.20 29.50 0.50 12.90
Harvesting            
  Proportion of male () 66.50 70.40 78.90 88.30 98.30 72.50
  Proportion of female () 33.50 29.60 21.10 11.70 1.70 27.50

Total Labor Input            
  Proportion of male () 76.00 77.90 87.90 90.40 95.90 82.40
  Proportion of female () 24.00 22.10 12.10 9.60 4.10 17.60
35
Farming System Characteristics
Who control the expenditure for Agricultural
inputs
  Hambaro Parakan Muncang Sukaluyu Total
Family Head () 79.00 85.70 81.70 82.20
Wife () 17.70 4.80 6.70 9.70
No agricultural expenditure () 3.20 9.50 11.70 8.10
36
Concluding Remarks

1. The Kecamatan Nanggung includes 7,022.3 (63.8)
   hectare of arable land. The remaining area is
   housing and other infrastructures and other uses
   .
2. Population growth (since 2003-2006) was 0.40 per
   year, lower than West Java Province and National
   growth. Population density of the area is 683
   persons per square kilometers (ps.km-2), lower
   than for West Java.
3. 63.4 of working population (economically active
   population) engages in agriculture, higher than
   national data (46.3).
4. Largest proportion of family income were spent on
   food (62)
5. Agricultural income contributed 14 to the total
   households income. In Term the poverty line, the
   study found that 52 of the surveyed households
   are below poverty line, and thus are categorized
   as poor.
6. Unequal land distribution is a characteristic of
   the study site, where the bottom 60 of the
   surveyed household controlled only 15 of total
   landholding size, while the top 20 controlling
   about 62 of the total landholding size.

37
Concluding Remarks

1. Intensive agriculture (paddy field, dryland and
   monoculture garden) mostly takes place in the
   relatively flat area, more than 80 of the plots
   are considered by the respondents as gently to
   slightly steep area.
2. The top five vegetables species found in of plots
   samples were Pisang (Musa sp.), Kacang panjang
   (Vigna sinensis), Timun (Trichosanthes
   cucumeroides maxim), Kucai (Allium tuberosum) and
   Buncis (Phaseolus vulgaris). This species mostly
   cultivated in dryland and simple agroforest.
3. Kacang panjang (Vigna sinensis), Timun
   (Trichosanthes cucumeroides maxim), Kucai (Allium
   tuberosum) and Buncis (Phaseolus vulgaris), are
   the most common annual crops cultivated by farmer
   under Dudukuhan system.
4. The number of ps-days involve in land preparation
   is much higher than in other activities. Number
   of ps-days involved in nursery activities and
   fertilizing activities is the lowest compare with
   the others activities.
5. The use fertilizer common in all sample plots in
   the study site, except for complex agroforests
   and fallow lands. The fertilizer rate of every
   land use category varies according to land use
   category and varies among plot within the land
   use category.

38
Concluding Remarks

1. Almost all commodities harvested in the plot were
   sold by the surveyed households. Most of the
   harvested yields (89 or more) are sold for 22
   annual commodities. Only 76.5 of corn yields
   are sold and 29.6 of rice. All (100) of the
   sawi produced is consumed by households.
2. Data recorded from the surveyed household shows
   that high value species (Cabe, Caesin, Kacang
   kedelai ) mosly sold directly through consumer,
   this show that farmers lack adequate market
   information and market access.
3. Women involved in agriculture is limited to
   certain activities, in paddy field, women had
   proportion more than 15 of labor input only in
   nursery, maintaining, fertilizing, and harvesting
   activities. But for others land use, proportion
   of women labor very small.

39
Thank You