Industrialization and Imperialism: The Making of the European Global Order

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Industrialization and Imperialism The Making of
the European Global Order
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Introduction

• Battle of Isandhlawana (January 22, 1897) British
  v. Zulus
• 20,000 Zulu soldiers outmaneuvered the British!
  British divided their forces and the Zulus
  attacked from all directions! They had
  cattle-hide shields and short stabbing spears
  (preindustrial military force). The Zulus had
  triumphed over other Africans under leadership of
  Shaka (their great leader) and limited the
  expansion of the Boers (Dutch farmers).
• But the battle of Isandhlawana was a fluke.
  Within hours 3000 Zulus died at Rorkes Drift by
  superior rifle power of the British! (just over
  100 men!) Soon more British forces followed and
  the Zulu ruler, Cetshwayo, was taken captive and
  Zulus surrendered (said only a child, and the
  British government was his father
• Military defeat of British by Zulus seemed
  impossible!!!
• Industrialization created the ability for
  European states to produce and equip their forces
  with weapons!
• Europeans because of industrialization were able
  to crush preindustrial military resistance all
  over the globe
• Scramble for Africa and Asia English, French,
  US, Dutch, Belgian, German, Russian, and even the
  Japanese got in on imperial expansion!
• Most areas established direct rule
• European powers soon became rivals

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                                             1st
Battalion, 24th Foot, massacred at the hands of
the Zulus at the Battle of Isandlwana, 22nd
January 1879
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Shift to Land Empires Asia

• First phase of colonization in Asia in the 18th
  century Europeans were willing to adapt to Asia
  culture.
• Additionally territorial acquisition was opposed
  by many westerns actually there. War cost a lot
  and direct administration or rule over Africa and
  Asia would cost even more! Companies like the
  Dutch East India Company and the English East
  India Company were about profit not spending!
• Additionally prior to the telegraph (industrial
  revolution) there was very poor communication
  between the director of companies and
  men-on-the-spot. Letter literally took months
  to get to their destinations. Commanders had much
  leewaythis allowed them to conquer entire
  kingdoms before officials at home ever learned
  about it!

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Prototype Dutch Advance on Java

• 17-18th centuries empire created
• Java was and is still the most populated of the
  islands of Indonesia
• When the Dutch first arrived and established
  Batavia (1619) they were literally vassals to the
  sultans of Mataram who ruled most of Java. They
  paid tribute.
• Soon they began to created a monopoly over the
  spice trade (concentrate on smaller islands)
• 1670s Dutch intervened in wars to the throne of
  Mataram and backed the successful side and
  demanded land as their price. Soon involved in
  many of these successional disputes that allowed
  them to gain more and more lands. They were very
  effective militarily due to their organization
  and discipline (more so than weapons). What ever
  prince had the Dutch was sure to win. So over
  time kept requiring more and more lands be given
  as the price for assistance.
• Sultan Mangkubumi tried to restore the old
  Mataram kingdom in 1750s unsuccessfully

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Rise of British Rule in India

• Similar to Java with British agents intervening
  in conflicts with local princes
• British relied on sepoys (Indian troops) to fight
  just like Dutch relied on island people
• Indian princes thought of the British as allies
  and used them to control/ crush competitors. Like
  the Dutch they soon became prominent figures in
  India
• British Raj (British political establishment in
  India) created from competition between them and
  the French. Fought each other repeatedlylast 5
  wars ended in British victories though! 1740s
  British won control over the entire south Asian
  subcontinent of India.
• British became land power in Asia in the Battle
  of Plassey June 23, 1757. Fewer than 3000 British
  and Indian sepoys defeated a 50,000 man Indian
  army. That leader was just a teenager, Siraj
  ud-daula, (the ruler nawab) vs. Robert Clive
  who claimed British victory over the south. The
  British claimed Bengal out the Battle of Plassey
  in 1757 winning fertile and populous lands.
• Clive did his research prior to the battle. He
  had many spies working for him and found that
  Hindu bankers wanted to get back at the Muslim
  prince for unpaid debts and plunderings. Clive
  bought off the chief general and several key
  allies! Clive had well paid troops whereas nawab
  did not!
• In battle nawabs forces fought well under Indian
  and French command, but his allies defected and
  refused to fight! Clive was able then to conquer
  nawab with his leadership skills and artillery!
• Soon the British took over the administration of
  the entire Bengal-Bihar region which laid the
  foundations for the British empire in India

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Battle of Plassey Part of the Seven Years War
                                              
      Lord Clive meeting with Mir Jafar after
the Battle of Plassey, by Francis Hayman (c.
1762).
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Siraj-ud-daulah
                  
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Consolidation of British Rule

• After Plassey the British officials of the
  British East India company continued war with
  India princes on their borders.
• Mughal Empire continued to break down created
  weak kingdoms. These weakened regional princes
  fought against each other with Intervention from
  the British. Intervention allowed for the British
  to advanced steadily inland from their three
  trading towns (Madras, Bombay, and Calcutta
  cities became the centers for the three
  presidencies that made up the bulk of the
  territory of British ruled directly in India). In
  some cases local princes (defeated or allied)
  were kept in power to rule with agents stationed
  in their courts.
• No sense of Indian national identity (regional
  kingdoms) so couldnt unite while Indian princes
  kept fighting each other while the British Raj
  grew stronger! Some attracted to the
  British-higher soldier wages and better weapons (
  By 1850s 1 5 ratio British officer/ solider to
  enlisted men of India)
• India important to global empire of the British
  Jewel of the Crown
• India had largest share of people which formed
  very large British-Indian armiesthey policed the
  British Indian empire.
• Indian armies sent to punish Afghans and Chinese,
  conquer Burma and Malaya and even start the
  conquest in East Africa! India became essential
  to the success of the British colonial machine
  (army, markets, raw materials)

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Indian Sepoys
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Early Colonial Society Java/ India

• Initially content with allowing locals to
  maintain social and political systems. Rulers to
  rule with agent of the imperial power (got last
  say in decisions)
• Society changed Europeans top of old social
  hierarchies with the aristocracy and old royal
  families under them.
• Europeans had to learn to adapt to some culture
  Dutch houses in Java (tried to build like in
  Holland on the canal in the city, but it was a
  tropical breeding ground for diseases like
  malaria and typhoid..so did what the local did
  and moved to suburbs and created more spread out
  houses to catch the breezebungalow (18th India
  term)
• Changed dress and food- too hot for wool! Long
  lunch breaks and more work in morning-too hot
• Many men had liaisons with local women and it
  became more commonly accepted. Some even married
  local women.

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Social Reform

• Initially had little interest in changing culture
  of subjects. British banned Christian
  missionaries from preaching ( until 1820s) for
  fear of offending local Hindus and Muslims
• 1770s Parliament passed reforms because of
  corruption, bad manners, poor treatment of
  locals, and conspicuous consumption of some
  officials -called them nabobs(Europeans who made
  a fortune in Asia). In the 1770s these misconduct
  of nabobs resulted in a horrible famine in Bengal
  in which 1/3 of the population died!!! After this
  the British government decided to intervene in
  the colonies under really company control and
  started to pass a number of acts to make official
  more accountable to the British government.
• 1790s reforms Lord Charles Cornwallis cleaned
  up corruption and also limited Indian
  participation in government b/c he didnt trust
  them?
• Movement in England-evangelical movement with
  enlightenment ideas produced social reform.
  (Jeremy Bentham-utilitarianism). Believed British
  society more advanced than Indian so pushed for
  British institutions to be introduced to
  India-education (especially English language).
  Wanted to end sati ? Ram Mohun Roy. Felt
  morally and socially superior to Indians.
• Watershed moment in history where British tried
  to remake India (one of the oldest centers of
  civilization) society along Western lines.
  ideas, inventions, organization, technology,
  education, RR, social reform
• Soon- India would take western ideas and turn
  them against the British!

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Industrial Rivalries and Partition 1870-1914

• Industrial Revolution allowed for western states
  to colonize Africa, Asia, and the Pacific
  beginning in the 1870s
• Great Britain was the most powerful of these
  industrialized states but Belgium, France,
  Germany, and the US soon joined their ranks to
  build colonial empires!
• Colonies seen as a way to distract people, be
  markets, and provide raw materials. Colonies also
  seen as a potential place were the unemployed to
  venture to in depressed times
• Because of better communication (telegraph, RR,
  steam engine) politicians played a greater role
  in colonial empires and colonial acquisition was
  a hot topic in the press. A sure way to win votes
  was annexation of lands.

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Unequal Combat

• Industrial Revolution gave new innovation in many
  genres to Europeans. In terms of war they had
  better communication, transportation, and
  weapons. (chemists-metallurgy, light mobile
  artillery, machine guns, steam power). These new
  innovations squashed even the most preindustrial
  sophisticated military armies (China).
• Most places did resisted European dominance but
  couldnt compete with European weaponry
• The most successful resistance to Europeans was
  guerrilla resistance, sabotage, and even banditry
• Local religious leaders also encouraged fighting
  by dances, potions, or zeal in people. They
  helped them carrying on struggles in horrible
  odds! (Maji Maji Rebellion-remember the holy
  water that would cause bullets to fall of the
  people! Remember the DBQ document) (other
  examples Ghost dance in US west and Boxer
  Rebellion in China in 1898)

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Continuity and Change

• Technological innovations led to changes in
  colonization
• 1. tropical dependencies small number of
  Europeans ruled large populations of
  non-Westerns. (Examples India, Java, and Africa)
• 2. settlement colonies white dominions made up
  most of the land area in empires but only made up
  a minority of population. Europeans made up most
  of the population in colonies. (Canada,
  Australia, US)
• 3. settler colonies and tropical dependencies
  combo tens of thousands of Europeans settled,
  however in these areas there was still a large
  indigenous population. Europeans and indigenous
  tended to clash in these areas over land and
  resource rights. (Examples Algeria, Kenya, New
  Zealand, and Hawaii)

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Colonial Regimes/ Social hierarchies

• Europeans drew upon previous colonies-India
• Pitted ethnic and cultural groups against each
  other to maintain power. (Christians vs.
  Muslims). They literally divided the people
  (tribes vs. tribes and hill-dwellers vs. lowland
  peoples). From urban areas a few Europeans
  oversaw administration of the colonies. Locally,
  administration was carried out through thousands
  of African and Asian subordinates (many of whom
  had western educations). Indeed even Indian
  administrators and soldiers helped to rule new
  areas (Burman, Malaya, and east Africa) under
  British conquest.
• Western languages were taught, however, in Africa
  higher education was not promoted due to racial
  prejudices. Few Africans graduated college
  compared to India and Dutch East Indies. This
  stunted the growth of middle class black
  Africans.
• Soon college graduates turned the tables and used
  what they learned from their Western European
  education to fuel independence movements. Soon
  Europeans were warning against the dangers of
  education!

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Changing Social Relations

• Europeans didnt mix that much with natives
  (socially). Over time more medicines were made
  that allowed wives and children to come to
  colonies. Segregated living quarters became
  common.
• These women looked down on liaisons between
  European men and local women and brothels became
  of limits for upper class men. Religion further
  strengthened these concepts.
• Officials made laws prohibited liaisons and
  pushed for more restrictions between colonized
  and Europeans! White racial supremacy- belief
  that whites were mentally and morally superior to
  all. Led to exclusivity of European women in the
  colonies. It was believed that science could
  prove the superiority of whites (pseudo-science).
  Examples-measurement of head size and attributes.
• Why socialize with people who had weak morality
  and were inferior in intellect. Divide then
  starts and Europeans return to their cultural
  ways and stop going with colonial ways.

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Economic Extraction

• Europeans wanted natives to use scientific
  innovations to improve outputs and to overall
  work harder!
• Introduced incentives to improve exports in
  colonial areas. However much forced from the
  people. Head and hut taxes were forced that only
  could be paid in items (to be exported!).
  Worst-Belgian Congo where men were flogged or
  killed if quotas werent met and women and
  children were held hostage to ensure the men
  would deliver. Wowand King Leopold said they
  went to the Congo for philanthropic reasons.
• Colonies reorganized into export markets for
  shipment to Europe. Road and RR built to move
  crops and raw materials from interior regions to
  ports on the coast. (cocoa, palm oil, rubber,
  hemp)
• Rubber to industrialists and raw materials to
  Europe to be made into goods to be resold in
  markets.
• Colonial economies became dependent to Europe!
  (Same happened to the colonized politically and
  socially too)

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South Africa/ Pacific

• Settler colonies were unique in that there were
  large permanent white settlements and large
  numbers of natives
• In the Americas many natives died due to disease
  which allowed for more Europeans to expand and
  western institutions were easily brought in
• However, other areas were resistant to European
  disease. These areas natives clashed with
  Europeans over many issues and they moved to gain
  their independence

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South Africa

• 1st formed as Cape Town Colony by Dutch as a way
  station for Dutch merchants on their way to the
  East Indies. Over time Boers (farmers) moved into
  interior for better farming. These were sparsely
  populated areas. Boers, colored, black Africa
• British took over during Napoleonic age and
  annexed it in 1815. Boer farms based on slavery
  of local and the British missionaries wanted to
  end it. Great Trek-some Boers resisted changes by
  leaving. However, these were populated areas
  (like by the Zulus!) and they werent willing to
  give up their lands. British were drawn into
  these wars between the Boers and Bantu speaking
  peoples.
• Boer Republics (Orange Free State and Transvaal)
  1850s kept free for 10 years until the discovery
  of diamonds and then the British were
  comingCecil Rhodes!
• Boers won a war with the British (1880-1881) but
  later gold found in Transvaal caused more British
  interest and led to the Boer War (1899-1902). The
  British won, but did allow slavery to continue at
  the request of the Boers. This is why South
  Africa had such problems with racial issues until
  quite recently in history (Apartheid)

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        I understand that redrawing some
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Pacific Tragedies

• Europeans, Americans, and Japanese- people of the
  South Pacific were pretty isolated and they had
  no immunities to European disease plus their
  cultures were vulnerable! This resulted in
  widespread human suffering and loss of culture.
• New Zealand and Hawaii largest populated of
  Pacific Islands and both were very sophisticated
  and complex. These people responded in a way that
  accommodated Europeans and allowed for revival of
  their cultures at the same time

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New Zealand

• Maori people-1st Europeans (whaler and timber
  merchants) introduced European good that led to
  alcoholism and prostitution. Firearms were
  introduced that disrupted the tribal balance
  among the Maori people. Disease devastated
  communities TB, smallpox, even the common cold.
  Many began converted to Christianity and adopted
  European farming methods.
• In the 1850s the British decided to claim the
  island who drove the Maori almost into
  extinction. The Maori began to change. They build
  up immunities to disease and learned the law to
  better protect themselves. The Maori were able to
  hold onto their culture in spite of British
  dominance.

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Hawaii

• Hawaii-became a settler colony when US annexed it
  in 1898 (although a British official did try to
  claim in in 1843).
• Hawaii opened by Captain James Cook (1777-1779)
  First welcomed as a god (time of visit) and later
  killed for his nails in the ships (no steel or
  iron technology). King Kamehameha with British
  aid-weapons- (due to later British expeditions)
  led to the king taking over other tribes/
  factions. Established kingdom 1794-1810.
  Encouraged change including allowing in Western
  merchants.
• Hawaiian royalty copied that of Western Europe -2
  queens advocated more rights for women. Many
  Hawaiians converted to Christianity too.
  Missionaries insisted that women cover their
  breasts (muumuus developed)
• Many Hawaiians died of disease (STDs and TB) led
  to Asians being imported to staff estates of the
  rich. Whalers and sugar crops became popular and
  essential to the Hawaiian economy.
• Weak monarchs and disease led to increasing
  American controls. By 1887 US claimed naval
  rights of Pearl Harbor. By 1893 troops were
  posted in Honolulu and by 1898 Congress took the
  islands.
• Respected Polynesian culture-Hawaiians were never
  enslaved.

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Global Connections

• US and Europeans 1st civilization to dominate the
  entire world-they had the motive and the means
• They control Africa and Asia
• Globalization occurred before WW1-communication
  and commercial networks established by Europeans
  allowed for products to flow out of Africa, Asia,
  and Latin America into Europe. Investment from
  Europe and US paid or machines to do work in
  colonized areas.
• Western ideas exported to the rest of the world
  manners, literary forms, entertainment
• European colonizers assumed that it was their
  god-given destiny to remake the work in the image
  of industrial Europe. Wanted to push change on
  some of the most ancient cultures in the world!
  Many resisted, but were put down. Western
  educations often prompted the development of
  nationalism within the colonized that were
  successful in the 20th century.