Latinos in the Southwest Chapters 10-18

1
Latinos in the Southwest Chapters 10-18

• David Hinds

2
Vocabulary

• Creoles- a social class made up of locally born
  people of pure or mostly Spanish ancestry.
• Viceroy- a royal official who runs a country,
  colony, or province (or state) in the name of and
  as representative of the Monarch.
• Adelantado-a military title held by some Spanish
  conquistadores of the 15th, 16th and 17th
  centuries.
• Cabildo- a former Spanish, colonial
  administrative council that governed a
  municipality.
• Intendente- refers to the holder of a public
  administrative office.

3
Vocabulary (cont.)

• Ethnocentric- The tendency to believe that one's
  ethnic or cultural group is centrally important,
  and that all other groups are measured in
  relation to one's own.
• Annexation- The formal act of acquiring something
  (especially territory) by conquest or occupation.
• Empresario- A person who, in the early years of
  the settlement of Texas, had been granted the
  right to settle on Mexican land in exchange for
  recruiting and taking responsibility for new
  settlers.
• Tejano- A term used to identify a Texan of
  Mexican and/or Latin-American descent.
• Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo- is the peace
  treatythat ended the Mexican-American War

4
Vocabulary (cont.)

• Union Army- the land force that fought for the
  Union during the American Civil War.
• Confederate Army- the Army of the Confederate
  States of America during its brief existence
  between its establishment in February 1861 and
  its dissolution.
• Hispanic- Spanish American an American whose
  first language is Spanish
• Admiral- the supreme commander of a fleet ranks
  above a vice admiral and below a fleet admiral
• Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo- the Treaty that
  ended the Mexican-American War.

5
Important People

• Miguel Hidalgo- a Mexican priest and a leader of
  the Mexican War of Independence.
• Vicente Guerrero- one of the leading
  revolutionary generals of the Mexican War of
  Independence, who fought against Spain for
  independence in the early 19th century, and
  served briefly as President of Mexico.

6
Important People (cont.)

• Antonio López de Santa Anna- A Mexican political
  leader, general, and president who greatly
  influenced early Mexican and Spanish politics and
  government.
• James K. Polk- 11th President of the United
  States, and added 1.5 million square miles of
  territory to the United States.

7
Important People (cont.)

• Colonel Miguel E. Pino - Commanded the 2nd
  Regiment of New Mexico Volunteers, and helped
  defeat the attempted invasion of New Mexico by
  the Confederate Army.
• Colonel Santos Benavides - Commanded his own
  regiment, the "Benavides Regiment." He was the
  highest ranking Mexican-American in the
  Confederate Army.

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Chapters 10-12

• New Spain
• Spanish Florida was acquired by the United States
  in 1819 under the Adams-Onís Treaty.
• After priest Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla's 1810
  call for independence, the insurgent army began
  an eleven-year war.
• With the approval of the Spanish Constitution,
  which took privileges away from the Creoles, they
  switched sides
• Central America became part of the Mexican
  Empire, but seceded peacefully in 1823
• The Viceroyalty of New Spain united many regions
  of the Spanish Empire throughout the world.
• These included on the North American mainland
• In the Caribbean it included Cuba, Santo Domingo,
  most of the Venezuelan mainland and the other
  islands in the Caribbean controlled by the
  Spanish
• In Asia, they ruled the Philippines, which
  covered all of the Spanish territories in the
  Asia-Pacific region
• The Viceroyalty's former territories included
  what are now the present day countries of Mexico,
  Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua,
  Belize, and Costa Rica
• United States regions of California, Texas, New
  Mexico, Arizona, Puerto Rico, Guam, Mariana
  Islands, Nevada, Utah, Colorado, Wyoming, Florida

9
Chapters 10-12 (cont.)

• The Spanish monarch had administrative oversight
  of all of these regions
• The audiencias were primarily superior tribunals,
  but which also had administrative and legislative
  functions.
• Each of these was responsible to the Viceroy of
  New Spain in administrative matters
• They answered directly to the Council of the
  Indies.
• Audiencia districts further incorporated the
  older, smaller divisions known as governorates
• Provinces were grouped into captaincies general
• At the local level there were over two hundred
  districts
• In the late 18th century the Bourbon dynasty
  began phasing out the Corregidors and introduced
  intendants
• These intendancies had such an impact in the
  formation of regional identity that they became
  the basis for the nations of Central America and
  the first Mexican states after independence.

10
Chapters 10-12 (cont.)

• Mexican War of Independence
• The movement was led by Mexican-born Spaniards,
  Mestizos and Amerindians who sought independence
  from Spain.
• It started as a peasants' rebellion against their
  colonial masters, but ended as an alliance
  between Mexican ex-royalists and Mexican
  guerrilla insurgents.
• The struggle for Mexican independence dates back
  to the decades after the Spanish conquest of the
  Aztec Empire
• Miguel Hidalgo y CosCostillas a Mexican priest
  and member of a group of educated Creoles in
  Querétaro who met in tertulias and in 1810
  decided that a revolt against the colonial
  government was needed because of what happened in
  the Peninsular War.
• He encouraged his parishioners to illegally grow
  vines and olives.
• Hidalgo originally supported naming Allende head
  of the revolutionary military
• The two men quickly became rivals.
• Hidalgo seized control of the militia.
• On September 16th 1810 he declared independence
  from the Spanish crown, and war against the
  government in what was known as the Grito de
  Dolores.
• The army decided to strike for independence and
  marched to Guanajuato
• On October 30, Miguel Hidalgo's army fought the
  Spanish at the Battle of Monte de Las Cruces
• Miguel Hidalgo's army achieved victory.
• From 1815 to 1821, most of the fighting was done
  by isolated guerrilla bands.

11
Chapters 13-15

• The Mexican revolution
• The movement was led by Mexican-born Spaniards,
  Mestizos and Amerindians who sought independence
  from Spain.
• It started as a peasants' rebellion against their
  colonial masters, but ended as an alliance
  between Mexican ex-royalists and Mexican
  guerrilla insurgents.
• The struggle for Mexican independence dates back
  to the decades after the Spanish conquest of the
  Aztec Empire
• Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla,was a Mexican priest
  and member of a group of educated Criollos in
  Querétaro who met in tertulias and in 1810
  decided that a revolt against the colonial
  government was needed because of what happened in
  the Peninsular War.
• he encouraged his parishioners to illegally grow
  vines and olives.
• Hidalgo originally supported naming Allende head
  of the revolutionary military
• the two men quickly became rivals.
• Hidalgo seized control of the militia.
• On September 16th 1810 he declared independence
  from the Spanish crown, and war against the
  government in what was known as the Grito de
  Dolores.
• The army decided to strike for independence and
  marched to Guanajuato
• On October 30, Miguel Hidalgo's army fought the
  Spanish at the Battle of Monte de las Cruces
• Miguel Hidalgo's army achieved victory.
• From 1815 to 1821, most of the fighting was done
  by isolated guerrilla bands.

12
Chapters 13-15 (cont.)

• The Mexican-American War
• From 1846 to 1848 in the after the 1845 U.S.
  annexation of Texas.
• American forces invaded and conquered New Mexico,
  California, and parts of northern Mexico.
• Another American army captured Mexico City,
  forcing Mexico to agree to the sale of its
  northern territories to the U.S.
• Territorial expansion of the United States to the
  Pacific coast was the goal of President James K.
  Polk.
• The war was very controversial in the U.S.
• The Whig Party strongly opposed the war with
  Mexico.
• We bought California and New Mexico for 15
  million.
• The U.S. forgave debt owed by the Mexican
  government.
• Mexico accepted the Rio Grande as its national
  border, and the loss of Texas.
• Despite objections from the Whigs and
  abolitionists, the war united the U.S. in a
  common cause and was fought almost entirely by
  volunteers.
• MexicanAmerican War veterans suffered from the
  debilitating diseases contracted during the war.

13
Chapters 16-18

• David Glasgow Farragut
• Was a flag officer of the United States Navy
  during the American Civil War.
• He was the first rear admiral, vice admiral, and
  admiral in the United States Navy.
• He was against secession even though he lived in
  Virginia
• Before the war started he moved to New York
• He was put on the retirement board first
• His foster brother offered him a special
  assignment to attack new Orleans
• Some doubted his loyalty because he was a
  southern man
• He succeeded at taking New Orleans and it turned
  out to be very important to the war
• he didnt follow directions very well because at
  the siege of port Hudson, the plan was for him to
  pass by the fort and shoot upon it with the
  ground forces on the land but he decides to
  attack a day early than planned and takes heavy
  damage.

14
Chapters 16-18 (cont.)

• Loretta Janeta Velazquez
• She was born in Cuba
• She dressed as a man in the confederate Army
• She enlisted in the Confederate Army in 1861,
  without her soldier-husband's knowledge
• She fought at Bull Run, Ball's Bluff and Fort
  Donelson, but her gender was discovered while in
  New Orleans and she was discharged
• She reenlisted and fought at Shiloh, until
  unmasked once more
• She then became a spy, working in both male and
  female guises
• Her husband died during the war and she remarried
  three more times being widowed in every time
• She acquired two uniforms, adopted the name Harry
  T. Buford and moved to Arkansas
• Lieutenant Augusto Rodríguez
• Was a Puerto Rican who served as an officer in
  the Union Army
• Rodríguez served in the defenses of Washington,
  D.C.
• He also was in the Battles of Fredericksburg and
  Wyse Fork.
• The Battle of Fredericksburg which was fought
  against General Robert E. Lee's Confederate Army
  of Northern Virginia from December 1215
• The battle resulted in a disastrous defeat for
  General Burnside and the Union Army
• It was cancelled due to heavy rain

15
Quiz 10-12

• 1. What year did USA get Florida?
• A. 1819
• B. 1776
• C. 1865
• 2. Creoles are...
• A. a social class made up of locally born people
  of pure or mostly Spanish ancestry.
• B. a Spanish breed of cattle
• C. Spanish holiday tradition
• 3. What year did the Texas Revolution start?
• A. 1835
• B. 1839
• C. 1825
• 4. What year did the MexicanAmerican War start?
• A. 1846
• B. 1790
• C. 1832
• 5. Who won the Mexican American War?
• A. USA
• B. Mexico

16
Quiz 10-12 (cont.)

• 6. Mexico saw Texas as an independent country.
  True or False?
• A. True
• B. False
• 7. The French invaded Mexico during the Pastry
  War in what year?
• A. 1838
• B. 1828
• C. 1818
• 8. What happened in Mexico on September 15, 1821?
• A. Mexican declaration of independence
• B. Spain invades
• C. Gold is found
• 9. How many provinces did Mexico originally have?
• A. 24
• B. 50
• C. 13
• 10. What was Mexico's first motto?
• A. Religión, Independencia, Unión.
• B. Live free, or die
• C. viva revolution!

17
Quiz 13-15

• 1. What year did the Mexican-American War end?
• A. 1848
• B. 1870
• C. 1832
• 2. In 1845 when Texas was annexed to the U.S.
  was it a slave state?
• A. Yes
• B. No
• C. It wasnt annexed in 1845
• 3. When did the battle of the Alamo take place?
• A. 1825
• B. 1899
• C. 1836
• 4. What percent of the forty-niners where
  Hispanic?
• A. 25
• B. 42
• C. 13
• 5. How much land did Polk purchase for America?
• A. 1.5 million sq miles
• B. 150,000 acres

18
Quiz 13-15 (cont.)

• 6. During the years 1840-1860 which had the
  highest emigration?
• A. California
• B. Oregon
• C. Utah
• 7. Who won the Mexican American War?
• A. USA
• B. Mexico
• C. Spain
• 8. How many provinces did Mexico originally have?
• A. 24
• B. 50
• C. 13
• 9. What was Mexico's first motto?
• A. Religión, Independencia, Unión.
• B. Live free, or die
• C. viva revolution
• 10. Gold was found in California in what year?
• A. 1849
• B. 1749

19
Quiz 16-18

• 1. Who was the First full Admiral of the USA?
• A. George Washington
• B. Robert E. Lee
• C. David Glasgow Farragut
• 2. How many Hispanics fought in the Civil War?
• A. 3,500
• B. 2,500
• C. 1,000
• 3. Did the Union or the Confederacy have more
  Hispanic soldiers?
• A. The Union
• B. The Confederacy
• C. Both had the same amount
• 4. The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo did what?
• A. Gave Hispanic Americans the right to vote
• B. ended the Mexican American war
• C. Freed all the Spanish slaves
• 5. Who was Loretta Velázquez?
• A. A Cuban woman who wore Confederate uniforms
  and served as a Confederate officer and spy
  during the war
• B. the head of the nurses