Pollution prevention methods to reduce pollution generated by automotive/vehicle emissions

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Eco Commerce Models Alternative Fuel and
Vehicles
Banu Sizirici Edward Voronko Vijay Kumar
Rayabharapu
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Contents

• Eco Commerce
• Alternative Fuel Vehicles
• Hybrid
• Hydrogen Fuel Cell
• Electric Cars
• Solar Powered cars
• LPG vehicles
• NGV
• Alternative Fuels
• Conclusions

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Eco Commerce

• Eco commerce is a business, investment, and
  technology-development model that employs market
  based solutions to balance the worlds energy
  needs and environmental integrity.

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Eco Commerce Models Alternative Fuels and
Vehicles

• the worlds transportation systems are 96
  dependent on petroleum products.
• alternative fuels are derived from resources
  other than petroleum.
• produced domestically,
• reduce our dependence on imported oil,
• produce less pollution than gasoline or diesel.
• utilize energy more efficiently

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Impact on environment

• The impact of the gasoline cars in U.S
• 80 of carbon dioxide emissions,
• 50 of nitrogen oxides,
• 40 of volatile organic compounds (VOC).
• the impact on global air quality
• human health
• global climate change

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Alternative Fuel Cars

• Pure battery-electric vehicles
• Hydrogen Fuel Cell electric vehicles
• Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles
• Motor vehicles powered by ethanol and bio-diesel

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Pure battery-electric vehicles

• Advantages
• No emission
• 70 fewer moving parts than combustion engine
  cars.
• Higher energy efficiency
• Disadvantages
• Cost, Range (60,000-70,000)
• Large amount of batteries

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Hydrogen Fuel Cell electric vehicles

• Advantages
• Emissions are heat and water vapor.
• Higher energy efficiency
• Disadvantages
• Cost (Avg. 1,000,000)
• High cost to produce Hydrogen
• Hydrogen Containment
• High cost of building new Hydrogen Fueling
  stations

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Hydrogen Vehicles
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Conventional hybrid electric vehicles

• Use both gasoline and electricity
• Smaller stack of batteries.
• Smaller electric motor than plug-in hybrid.

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Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles

• Advantages
• 40 less greenhouse gas emissions than
  conventional cars.
• Batteries can be charged from regular household
  electric outlets.
• High energy efficiency
• Disadvantages
• Batteries (Ni/MH batteries lasted 2,000-3,000
  cycles meaning that a pack should last
  130,000-150,000 miles in plug-in hybrids or
  electric vehicles )
• High cost. (Avg. 4,000 6,000 more than
  conventional )

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Vehicle Emissions Comparison

• Conventional hybrid cars reduce CO2 emissions by
  29.
• Plug-in hybrid cars reduce CO2 emissions by 40.
• Electric cars reduce CO2 emissions by 46.

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Hybrid Conventional Car Emissions
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Toyota Prius

• Series parallel hybrid.
• Allowing the gasoline engine to drive the wheels
  or to be disconnected.
• Toyota Prius needs 2 gal. To go 100 miles.
• Average car needs 5 gal. Of gasoline to go 100
  mile.
• Energy equivalent 1 gal. Of gasoline 34 kWh .

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Honda Insight

• Parallel hybrid car .
• Parallel hybrid do not allow electric only
  propulsion
• Requires 1.6 gal. To travel 100 miles.

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Solar Powered Cars

• A solar car is an ultra-efficient vehicle that is
  powered primarily by sunlight.

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Some Types Of Solar Cars
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Solar Powered Cars cont,

• Advantages
• Inexhaustible fuel source Vehicles.
• No pollution.
• Very cheaper way of transportation.
• Disadvantages
• Not Really Safe to drive on Roads.
• Only areas of the world with lots of sunlight are
  suitable for solar powered vehicles.

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Natural Gas Vehicles

• 2007 Civic GX NGV
• The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has
  recognized the natural-gas Civic GX as the
  cleanest internal-combustion vehicle on Earth

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Advantages

• they reduce environmentally harmful emissions.
• natural-gas vehicles can achieve up to a 93
  reduction in CO emissions,
• 33 reduction in oxides of nitrogen
• 50 reduction in reactive HC
• costs are lower than gasoline.

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Disadvantages

• NGVs is not as roomy as gasoline cars.
• limited driving range of NGVs, which is typically
  about half that of a gasoline-powered vehicle.
• natural gas, like gasoline, is a fossil fuel and
  cannot be considered a renewable resource.

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Ethanol Vehicles

• Ethanol vehicles designed to operate on E85 (a
  blend of 85 ethanol and 15 gasoline) are called
  Flexible Fuel Vehicles (FFVs).
• FFVs are flexible because you can fill them up
  with E85, regular gasoline or a combination of
  the two.

Ford Crown Victoria FFV
Nissan Armada 2WD
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Advantages

• Hassle-free driving.
• Easy to refuel.
• Ethanol is renewable.
• Ethanol cars are as good as gasoline vehicles.
• E85 Vehicles Are Eco-Friendly .

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Disadvantages

• Fuel Efficiency-E85 reduces fuel economy by about
  20 percent
• Availability-It may be difficult to find a gas
  station that carries E85.
• Limited Selection

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LPG VEHICLES
Volvo S/V40
Rover 45
Vauxhall Zafira 
Volvo V70 
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Advantages

• A vehicle powered by LPG produces less harmful
  emissions - making it the cleaner, greener
  option.
• Driving an LPG vehicle is safe, easy and, best of
  all, much cheaper than petrol or diesel.
• Driving on LPG is virtually the same as driving a
  petrol or diesel car. And engine noise is around
  50 lower with LPG than it is with diesel.

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Disadvantages

• Not very safe way of fuel in to Account
• Less readily available than gasoline diesel
• Fewer miles on a tank of fuel

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Alternative Fuels Biodiesel

• Biodiesel is the name of a clean burning
  alternative fuel,
• produced from domestic, renewable resources.
• Biodiesel contains no petroleum, but can be
  blended with petroleum diesel to create a
  biodiesel

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How is Biodiesel Made?

• Biodiesel fuel is esterification process,
• 55 of the biodiesel industry use any fat or oil
  feedstock,( recycled cooking grease)
• 45 can use vegetable oil (soy oil)

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Biodiesel Compared to Petroleum Diesel

• Advantages
• Domestically produced from non-petroluem,
  renewable resources
• Can be used in most diesel engines, especially
  newer ones
• Less air pollutants (other than nitrogen oxides)
  and greenhouse gases
• Biodegradable
• Non-toxic
• Safer to handle

• Disadvantages
• currently more expensive
• involve additional land use
• gives out more nitrogen oxide emissions
• require special management for Transportation
  storage
• less suitable for use in low temperatures
• impact on engine durability

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Electricity

• Electricity can be used as a transportation fuel
  to power battery electric and fuel cell vehicles.

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Advantages Disadvantages of Electricity

• Advantages
• clean, cheap, safe and a convenient source of
  energy
• no tailpipe emissions
• lower maintenance costs
• more efficient

• Disadvantages
• more expensive than gasoline
• electric vehicles are not completely
  "emission-free
• More power plants and more pollution

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Ethanol

• Ethanol is an alcohol-based alternative fuel
  produced by fermenting and distilling starch
  crops that have been converted into simple
  sugars.
• Feedstocks corn, barley, and wheat.
• If used trees and grasses is called bioethanol.
• Ethanol increase octane and improve the emissions
  quality of gasoline.
• E85, a blend of 85 ethanol and 15 gasoline
• E10 10 ethanol and 90 gasoline

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Advantages Disadvantages of E85

• Advantages
• Domestically produced, reducing use of imported
  petroleum
• Lower emissions of air pollutants
• More resistant to engine knock
• Added vehicle cost is very small

• Disadvantages
• Can only be used in flex-fuel vehicles
• Lower energy content, resulting in fewer miles
  per gallon
• Limited availability
• Currently expensive to produce

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Natural Gas

• Natural gas is a gaseous fossil fuel consisting
  primarily of methane but including significant
  quantities of ethane, butane, propane,
• It is also clean burning and produces
  significantly fewer harmful emissions than
  reformulated gasoline or diesel

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Advantages Disadvantages of Natural Gas

• Advantages
• Nearly 87 of U.S. natural gas used is
  domestically produced
• 60-90 less smog-producing pollutants
• 30-40 less greenhouse gas emissions
• Less expensive than gasoline

• Disadvantages
• Limited vehicle availability
• Less readily available than gasoline diesel
• Fewer miles on a tank of fuel

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Propane (LPG)

• Propane or liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is a
  clean-burning fossil fuel that can be used to
  power internal combustion engines

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Advantages Disadvantages of LPG

• Advantages
• Fewer toxic and smog-forming air pollutants
• 85 of LPG used in U.S. comes from domestic
  sources
• Less expensive than gasoline

• Disadvantages
• No new passenger cars or trucks commercially
  available (vehicles can be retrofitted for LPG)
• Less readily available than gasoline diesel
• Fewer miles on a tank of fuel
• The LPG is stored in high-pressure fuel tanks, so
  separate fuel systems are needed

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Hydrogen

• Hydrogen Hydrogen (H2) is being aggressively
  explored as a fuel for passenger vehicles.
• It can be used in fuel cells to power electric
  motors or burned in internal combustion engines

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Advantages Disadvantages of Hydrogen

• Advantages
• Produced Domestically
• no air pollutants or greenhouse gases

• Disadvantages
• currently expensive to produce
• only available at a handful of locations, mostly
  in California
• difficult to store enough hydrogen onboard

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Conclusions

• Alternative fuel cars generate less pollution
  than conventional cars.
• Based on cost the hydrogen and the electric cars
  are the most expensive cars.
• Electric engine is more energy efficient than
  conventional combustion engine.
• Production of electricity leads to more air
  pollution
• The more environmental friendly is not always the
  more economical.
• As a eco commerce model, solution should
  balance the worlds energy needs and
  environmental integrity.

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• Questions