Military Force and Terrorism

1
Military Force and Terrorism
CHAPTER SIX
Dr. Clayton Thyne PS 235-001 World
Politics Spring 2009 Goldstein Pevehouse,
International Relations, 8/e Student notes
version
2
States have many ways to gain leverage
Well begin by talking about conventional forces
3
Conventional Forces

• State leaders involved in a conflict can use
• Nonviolent levers
• Violent levers
• Costly to the sender and receiver and tend to be
  a last resort
• Declining in use over time

4
Conventional Forces

• Most states, however, still devote vast resources
  to...
• Defending territories
• Deter attack
• Compel other states to behave certain ways by
  threatening an attack
• Humanitarian assistance for disasters
• Surveillance of drug trafficking
• Repression of political dissent

5
Conventional Forces

• Great powers continue to
• Military capabilities divide into three types

6
Types of Forces

• Most wars involve a struggle to control
  territory.
• The fundamental purpose of conventional forces is
  to
• Armies
• Infantry
• Counter-insurgency

7
Types of Forces

• Navies
• Adapted primarily to
• Aircraft carries
• Air Forces
• Logistics and intelligence
• Logistical support includes
• Only the US can

8
Table 6.1
9
common budget figures
budget figures adjusted for money spent
Iraq Afghanistan wars
10
US Military Expenditures

• The US military spending was almost two-fifths of
  the total.
• The US military spending was almost 7 times
  larger than the Chinese budget, the second
  largest spender.
• The US military budget was almost 29 times as
  large as the combined spending of the six rogue
  states (Cuba, Iran, Libya, North Korea, Sudan and
  Syria) who spent 14.65 billion.
• It was more than the combined spending of the
  next 14 nations.
• The United States and its close allies accounted
  for some two thirds to three-quarters of all
  military spending, depending on who you count as
  close allies (typically NATO countries,
  Australia, Canada, Israel, Japan and South Korea)
  
• The six potential enemies, Russia, and China
  together spent 139 billion, 30 of the U.S.
  military budget.

11
Table 6.2
12
Evolving Technologies

• Warfare is
• Geographic distances
• Security intertwined w/
• Electronic warfare
• Stealth technology

13
Evolving TechnologiesUS military expenditures
14
Evolving TechnologiesUS military personell
15
Terrorism

• Def
• But one persons freedom fighter is anothers
  terrorist.
• Shadowy world of faceless enemies and irregular
  tactics marked by extreme brutality

16
Terrorism

• Primary effect of terrorism is ...
• World Trade Center
• Violation of
• State-sponsored terrorism

17
(No Transcript)
18
Weapons of Mass Destruction

• Comprise three general types nuclear, chemical
  and biological
• Serve different purposes than conventional
  weapons

19
Nuclear Weapons

• Fission weapons
• Two elements can be split or fissioned
  uranium-235 and plutonium
• Obstacle often is finding fissionable material
• Plutonium bomb is more difficult to build than a
  uranium one
• Developed during WWII (Manhattan Project)
• EMC2 a little mass a lot of energy
• Eenergy (joules) mmass (Kg)
  Cconstant(299,792,458 m/s2)
• Fusion weapons
• Extremely expensive and technically demanding
• No splitting of atoms, but rather fusing two
  together to
  make one larger one, releasing energy
• Thermonuclear bombs (H-bombs)
• Heat and radiation
• EMP
• Nuclear winter
• Location of the worlds nukes
• http//archive.greenpeace.org/wmd/

20
Ballistic Missiles and Other Delivery Systems

• Delivery systems for getting nuclear weapons to
  their targets are the basis of states nuclear
  arsenals and strategies.

21
Figure 6.2
22
Table 6.3
23
Chemical and Biological Weapons

• A chemical weapon releases chemicals that
  disable and kill people.
• Biological weapons

24
Proliferation

• The spread of weapons of mass destruction into
  the hands of more actors
• Two sides to the proliferation argument
• Realists
• Others
• Selling of technology with proliferation potential

25
Proliferation

• Arms races in regional conflicts and rivalries
• Non-Proliferation Treaty (1968)
• International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)
• UN agency

26
Red nuclear weapons states Orange other known
nuclear powers Violet Formerly possessed nuclear
weapons Yellow Suspected of developing nuclear
weapons Blue At one point had nuclear weapons or
nuclear weapons programs Pink Possess nuclear
weapons, but havent widely adopted them
27
Nuclear Strategy and Arms Control

• Nuclear strategy refers to
• Deterrence
• Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD)
• Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI)
• Antiballistic Missile (ABM) Treaty (1972)
• Strategic Arms Limitation Treaties (SALT)
• Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT)

28
Military Economies

• Given the range of military capabilities
  available to states (at various costs), how much
  and what types should state leaders choose to
  acquire?
• Economics of military spending is not so
  favorable.
• Long run
• Tradeoff

29
Military Economies

• Economic conversion
• Arms imports by states in the global South

30
Control of Military Forces

• Command (def)
• Chain of command
• Value of military hierarchy
• Discipline
• Training
• Group solidarity
• Logistical support
• Role of accurate information

31
(No Transcript)
32
Control of Military Forces

• Human error
• Military governments
• Civilian-military relations

33
(No Transcript)
34
Control of Military Forces

• ______________ forces operate under strong
  civilian control.
• Covert operations
• Role of private companies to provide services to
  military
• Some militias operate outside of
• World order is evolving even as military
  technologies do.