AP WORLD HISTORY Review Session 6

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AP WORLD HISTORYReview Session 6

• 1900 Present
• The Modern Era

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The 20th Century

• MAJOR THEMES
• World conflict the decline of empires
• Decolonization and Nationalism
• Cold War conflicts
• Social Reforms
• Globalization
• Environmental Issues

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WORLD WAR IThe Great War, 1914-1918

• CAUSES OF WORLD WAR I
• M -- Militarism
• A -- Alliances
• I -- Imperialism
• N -- Nationalism

What is this?!
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WORLD WAR I

• Germany, Austria-Hungarian Empire, and the
  Ottoman Empire make up the Triple Alliance
  (Central Powers)
• Britain, France, Russia and eventually the U.S.
  make up the Triple Entente, or Allies
• Fighting was concentrated in Europe between
  France and Germany, in trenches, with very little
  progress made in 3 years
• Between 16 and 28 million people died as a result
  of World War I

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Trench Warfare
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EUROPE IN 1914

• The Balkan region is the powder keg

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WORLD WAR I

• Promises of self-determination
• Use of colonial soldiers
• Machine guns, trench warfare, submarines, planes,
  tanks new technology with terrible causalities
• Treaty of Versailles ends the war but will set
  the stage for World War II

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THE TREATY OF VERSAILLES, 1919

• Germany must take responsibility for starting the
  war and pay reparations to the victors
• Germany had to disband its military and give up
  land they considered Germanic
• Britain and France take the lands held by the
  Ottoman Empire (Iraq, Palestine, etc.)
• League of Nations is created (President Wilsons
  idea but the U.S. does NOT join)

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EUROPES NEW LOOK, 1919
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THE 1920s

• The U.S. becomes a recognized world power
• Britain and France regain strength as Germany
  suffers
• Russia is now in the Soviet Union after the
  Bolshevik (Communist) Revolution of 1917
• Economic boom time until 1929 when a global
  depression hits

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ACTS OF AGGRESSION lead to World War II

• Japan invaded Manchuria/China and did not have
  any consequences
• Italy is taken over by Fascists (Mussolini) and
  invades Ethiopia, promising a return of the Roman
  Empire
• Germany takes Austria, Czechoslovakia, and Poland
  in the 1930s while the European leaders watch
  (policy of appeasement)
• An appeaser is one who feeds a crocodile, hoping
  it will eat him last.
• -Winston Churchill

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GERMANY AND ITALY

• Hitler and Mussolini were both Fascists (a
  militaristic nationalism that would stop at
  nothing to make the country powerful)

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WORLD WAR II, 1939-1945

• CAUSES Increased nationalist uprisings following
  WWI and the problems of the global depression
• Fighting took place in Europe, Northern Africa
  (colonies of European powers), Southeast Asia,
  and the Pacific Ocean
• Total Warfare destruction of entire cities with
  firebombing much deadlier weaponry than in World
  War I

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THE END OF THE WAR

• Germany surrendered in 1945 but Japan refused to
  surrender
• The U.S. dropped two nuclear bombs (a new
  technology only America had) on Hiroshima and
  Nagasaki
• Finally Japan surrendered, ending World War II
• At least 65 million deaths from World War II

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The Impact of World War II

• Empires no morecolonies fight for independence
  and gain it
• India, China, Vietnam, Israel, Afghanistan, and
  African nations all begin the struggle for
  freedom from western domination

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IMPACT OF WORLD WAR II (continued)

• The Cold War begins with the U.S. and the
  U.S.S.R. beginning an arms race, a space race,
  fighting proxy wars around the globe
• The Domino Theory
• The Containment Theory
• Détente

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POST WORLD WAR II

• The United Nations begins and is headquartered in
  New YorkAmerican isolationism is over and a new
  era of global involvement begins
• The U.N. has the goal of keeping peace between
  nations by promoting free trade and attempting to
  negotiate conflicts rather than fight wars

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20th Century Revolutions

• After World War II, colonies and developing world
  nations struggle for independence and change
• Issues confronting these nations
• The need to industrialize rapidly
• Corrupt and unresponsive political systems
• Harsh living and working conditions
• Foreign intervention
• Need for land reform

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The Mexican Revolution, 1910

• Mexico had a second revolution after the initial
  one to gain independence from Spain in the 19th
  century
• This one forged a new government and a new
  constitution of 1917 with some real changes
• Land reforms with limits on foreign ownership of
  key resources
• Guaranteed rights of all workers
• Restrictions on the power of the Catholic Church
• Educational reforms (public schooling for all)

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THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION, 1917

• The Czar was seen as corrupt and selfish by most
  Russian people, who were poor and powerless
• The Bolsheviks, a Communist rebel group led by
  Vladimir Lenin (aided by Stalin and Trotsky)
  overthrew the Czars regime and took over (after
  a long war)
• The Soviet Union was formed in 1922 with Russia
  being the key nation in the new Communist
  powerhouse
• Authoritarian rule with new political, economic,
  and cultural structure in place

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COMPARING REVOLUTIONS

• MEXICO
• Sought the end of corrupt government
• Land reform to help the peasants gain a better
  life as well as the working class
• RUSSIA
• Sought the end of corrupt government
• Centered more on improving the lot of industrial
  workers (Proletariat) along with some land reform

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CHINA in the 20th Century

• Qing Dynasty falls in 1911
• Japan invades and brutalizes China for decades
• Nationalists led by Chang Kai-shek fight against
  the Communists led by Mao Zedong
• Mao wins and China becomes a Communist nation in
  1949 Nationalists flee to Taiwan
• Mao promised land redistribution, rights for
  women, education access, tax reform, and
  cooperative farming

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Cuban Revolution, 1959

• Fidel Castro and Che Guevara lead rebel forces
  against dictator (Batista) in Cuba for years
• Batista is backed by the U.S. because he allowed
  American business interests to control his
  nations resourcesand he wasnt a Communist
  (remember how the Cold War made the U.S. operate
  in a very black/white fashion)
• Castro seizes control in 1959 and executes
  opponents, nationalizes industries, and creates a
  Socialist nation just miles from the coast of
  Florida
• He threatened to spread Communism to other Latin
  American nations which will create a lot of Cold
  War tension.just what we needed!

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IRANIAN REVOLUTION, 1979

• Also known as the Islamic Revolution
• 1953 Shah Reza Pahlavi came to power in Iran with
  the help of the CIA he repressed all opposition
  and violated their constitution and promoted
  western values, angering his conservative Muslim
  population
• 1979 the Ayatollah Khomeini led a revolution and
  overthrew the Shah, creating a new constitution
  based on Islamic law
• 55 American hostages were taken and held for 444
  days
• 1980-1988 Iran fought a war with Iraq over oil
  fields

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Patterns of Decolonization and Nation-Building

• THREE PATTERNS
• Violent Revolutions and Civil War (China,
  Algeria, Vietnam, Palestine)
• Non-violent, negotiated independence (India,
  Ghana, Turkey)
• Both violent and non-violent methods (Kenya,
  Egypt, South Africa)

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Palestine and Israel

• Zionism led thousands of Jews to migrate to
  Palestine, controlled by Britain after World War
  I (Balfour Declaration helped)
• Palestinians living there (Arab Muslims) resented
  the flood of immigrants and began fighting
• The UN promised nationhood to both groups but
  only delivered for Israel in 1948
• Israel had to fight several wars to defend
  herself against neighboring nations who resented
  a Jewish state in their region (Israel won all of
  these wars thanks to the support of the U.S.)
• Israel took more land after victories

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ALGERIA vs. FRANCE

• Algeria broke away from French colonial rule
  after a war lasting from 1954-1962
• Arab nationalism vs. French colonialism
• 300,000 lives lost

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INDIA

• Indian National Congress formed in 1885 which got
  nationalist sentiment started
• Gandhi and other nationalist leaders tried to
  prevent violent uprisings and concentrated
  instead on non-violent resistance
• Boycotts, marches, hunger strikes were designed
  to make the British realize their policies in
  India were immoral and India deserved
  independence
• 1947 India is partitioned and becomes 3 nations
  (India, Pakistan, Bangladesh)
• Many died as a result of religious violence
  between Muslims and Hindus after partitioning

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Decolonization in AfricaGHANA

• 1957 - Ghana (the Gold Coast) gained
  independence, led by western educated Kwame
  Nkrumah
• Used non-violent methods like Gandhi
• Developed a parliamentary democracy similar to
  the British model
• By 1963, all of British African colonies except
  for Rhodesia were independent

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KENYA

• Presence of many British settlers prevented a
  smooth transition of power
• Jomo Kenyatta used non-violent protests
• Mau-Mau Revolt of 1952 led by tribal group known
  as Kikuyus was suppressed by the British
• Finally in 1963 Kenya was granted independence
  and Kenyatta was the new leader of the new nation

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SOUTH AFRICA

• Small white minority ruled over large black
  majority using system of Apartheid (separateness)
• No protests tolerated and leaders and members of
  the African National Congress were imprisoned or
  executed
• 1990 ANC becomes legalized and Apartheid
  finally ends after 80 years
• Nelson Mandela is freed from prison and becomes
  the president of the new South Africa

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Challenges of Independence

• Ethnic disputes
• Weak economies still dependent on industrialized
  nations (that used to own them)
• Growing debt (constant loans from IMF and World
  Bank)
• Widespread social unrest
• Military responses to restore order
• High population growth
• Resource depletion
• Education deficit and Brain Drain as a result
• Neo-Colonialism through economic debt

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THE COLD WAR, 1945-1991

• The U.S. and the U.S.S.R. in a tense ideological
  standoff pitting democracy and capitalism against
  Communism
• Both sides were nuclear by the 1950s so the Cold
  War was very tense indeed
• Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962 looked like the
  start of World War III and the end of the world
• Proxy wars were fought all over the world in
  Africa, Latin America, and Asia

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NATO and the Warsaw Pact

• After World War II, the democratic western
  nations (Britain, U.S., France) joined NATO (the
  North Atlantic Treaty Organization) to form a
  united front against the spread of Communism in
  Europe
• The Soviets and their allies formed the Warsaw
  Pact to promote Communism in Europe and the world

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U.S. Cold War Policies

• Containment block Soviet influence and prevent
  the spread of Communism
• Truman Doctrine monetary support given by the
  U.S. to nations that resisted Communism
• Marshall Plan post WWII assistance program to
  give food, aid, industrialization support to war
  torn nations of Europe to keep Soviets out

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THE SOVIET RESPONSE

• The Berlin Wall built in 1961 to keep East
  Germans inside the Communist controlled section
  of East Berlin
• The Iron Curtain controlled satellite nations
  under Communism like Poland, Romania, Bulgaria,
  Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia

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The Korean War, 1950-1953

• Soviets aided North Koreas new Communist
  government and the South was aided by the United
  Nations, led by the U.S.
• Stalemate was the norm, and an armistice was
  signed in 1953
• There are still two nations and North Korea is an
  example of a Communist dictatorship today, while
  South Korea has done very well as an economic
  tiger in the global economy

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VIETNAM

• French colony since the 1880s
• During World War II, Japan took over
• Nationalist leader Ho Chi Minh formed the Viet
  Minh to fight France for independence
• France asked for help from the U.S. in 1954 and
  then pulled out as Vietnam was divided into two
  nations with Communists in control of the North
  under Ho Chi Minh

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VIETNAM

• Viet Cong Communists fought against the South
  (who were aided by the U.S.)
• 500,000 U.S. soldiers were unable to defeat the
  Viet Cong due to many factors
• Limited war strategy of the U.S. (fear of
  bringing China into the war)
• Dedicated insurgency (refusal to be colonized
  again)
• Guerilla war by the Viet Cong
• Corrupt government in South Vietnam supported by
  the U.S. made America unpopular with the
  Vietnamese
• 1973 the U.S. leaves Vietnam and in 1975 Vietnam
  is united under one Communist government

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The Arms Race The Space Race

• The Cold War was all about defense spending, with
  both the Soviets and the U.S. spending trillions
  of dollars developing the newest, deadliest
  weaponry
• The Space Race was also evidence of Cold War
  competition, with the Soviets winning the first
  round by launching the satellite Sputnik in 1957
  (making Americans panic that they were falling
  behind the Russians) but the U.S. won the Space
  Race by being the first to land a man on the moon
  in 1969

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A NEW WORLD ORDER

• Communism fell in Europe in 1989 and in the
  Soviet Union in 1991
• Most of the transitions were non-violent, but
  Romania was pretty bloody
• Reasons for collapse of Communism in Europe
• Food shortages (and everything else)
• Corruption in government
• Nationalist yearnings
• Terrible and inefficient economies

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GLOBALIZATION

• In the 1990s, the global economy became even
  more global
• NAFTA, EU, and WTO
• Consumerism
• Interdependence of the global economy
• Recession in Greece impacts the EU which impacts
  the United States which impacts the entire world
• Many large companies are multinational
• The World is Shrinking
• Cultural imperialism (McDonalds everywhere)

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THE RISE OF MILITANT ISLAM

• In the 1990s, Global Terror networks like
  al-Qaeda take the place of Communism as the major
  threat to the west

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SOCIAL REFORMS

• Rise of feminism and womens rights
• Civil rights movements
• Anti-Apartheid movement in S. Africa
• Class, religious, racial, gender, sexual reforms
  worldwide but of course in many places there is
  still resistance to these changes

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HUMAN ENVIRONMENTAL INTERACTION

• Continued urbanization
• Green Revolution (improved agricultural yields in
  developing world)
• Deforestation
• Ozone depletion and other environmental concerns
• Rapid population growth in one century, now at 7
  billion people