AP Review- War of 1812- Ferment of Reform

1
AP Review- War of 1812- Ferment of Reform
Culture (Chps 12-15)

• War of 1812 Mr. Madisons War
• Causes- British impressments of American sailors
  
• British interference with American commerce
• British aid to Native Americans on frontier
• Who wanted the war? War HawksClay (West),
  Calhoun (South)
• Who doesnt?Daniel Webster (North/NE)
• Consequences of the war
• Contributes to demise of Federalist Party
• Intensifying nationalist feelings
• Promoting industrialization
• Advances career of Andrew Jackson-Battle of New
  Orleans war hero
• NEVER a DBQ or FRQ on the War of 1812

2
Presidency of Monroe 1817-1825

• Clays American System
• Internal improvements referred to transportation
  projects such as roads canals
• Henry Clay believed that new transportation links
  would promote trade unite the various sections
  of the country
• Called for tariffs to protect domestic industries
  fund internal improvements
• Because of dependence on agricultural plantations
  slave labor, the South benefitted least from
  the era of internal improvements

• Era of Good Feelings or Rising Tensions?
• Demise of the Federalist Party left the
  Democratic- Republicans in control of Congress
  the Presidency
• The illusion of a national political consensus
  was shattered by such contentious issues as
  protective tariffs, federal aid for internal
  improvements, the expansion of slavery into the
  new territories

3
Monroe continued

• Missouri Compromise- 1820
• Settled the first major 19th century conflict
  over slavery
• Maine entered as a free state
• Missouri entered the Union as a slave state,
  maintaining balance between slave and free states
• Compromise closed remaining territory of the
  Louisiana Purchase to slavery. No slavery north
  of Missouris southern border

HINT Clays American System the Missouri
Compromise generated heated debate. Both topics
have generated lots of questions on the exam.
Review purposes of Clays American System
provisions of Compromise of 1820
4
Monroe Doctrine- 1823

• Unilateral declaration of principles that
  asserted American independence from Europe in
  foreign policy
• Asserted the political system in the Western
  Hemisphere is different separate from that of
  Europe (similar to point Washington made in his
  farewell address)
• Warned European nations against further colonial
  ventures into the Western Hemisphere
• Promised US would stay out of internal affairs of
  European nations
• Leave us alone, we will leave you alone. Leave
  our neighbors alone too or else!

5
Age of Jackson 1824-1840Overcame the Corrupt
Bargain to win

• Belief in the Common Man
• Great respect for common sense abilities of the
  common man
• AJ seen as a common man who represented the
  interests of the people
• Western prez(TN)

• Expanded Suffrage
• White male suffrage-Jacksonian Democracy
• During Federalist era, caucuses of party leaders
  selected candidates. During Jackson
  administration, nominating conventions replaced
  legislative caucuses.
• HINT Be able to compare Jeffersonian Democracy
  Jacksonian Democracy

6
Jackson continued

• Patronage
• Jacksonians supported patronage policy of
  placing supporter in office (spoils system)
• Many Jacksonians believed that victorious
  candidates had a duty to reward their supporters
  punish their opponents

• Opposition to privileged elites (rich)
• Hero of common man so despised the special
  treatment of Eastern elite
• Went against those in the govt. dedicated to
  promoting and protecting the common man

7
More Jackson

• Doctrine of Nullification
• John C. Calhoun (VP, SC Senator for forever)
• States rights argument brought forth in KY VA
  Resolutions
• SC argues that a state can refuse to recognize an
  act of Congress that it considers
  unconstitutional
• South doesnt want to pay. They sell cotton to a
  market unprotected y tariffs but have to buy
  manufactured goods that are protected. Why no
  protection for them?
• Opposition to nullification
• Webster-Hayne debate-forcefully rejected
  nullification
• Jackson opposes nullification enhances
  reputation as strong president

• Tariff of Abominations Nullification Crisis
  1828
• Tariffs between 1816 1828 were 1st in US
  history whose primary purpose was protection of
  new industry (in the North)
• Tariff of Abomination forced John C. Calhoun to
  formulate his doctrine of nullification

8
Jackson the Bank War

• Killing the BUS
• Jackson supported the removal of federal deposits
  from the BUS
• Attach caused expansion of credit speculation
• State banks, each issuing own paper currency,
  increased
• Jacksons war of the BUS helped bring in the 2
  party system- Whigs who hated him but loved Clay
  vs. Democrats

• Opposed the bill to re-charter the 2nd Bank of
  the United States (BUS)
• Jackson felt bank catered to rich advocates of
  hard money
• No love for the common man

9
Still more Jackson

• Forced removal of Native Americans
• Worcester v. Georgia 1831
• Cherokees took removal order to court
• Supreme Court upheld rights of Cherokee to their
  lands

• Jackson Cherokee
• Long time Indian fighter, sobad attitude
• Refused to recognize the Courts decision
• Marshall has mad ehis decision now let him
  enforce it
• Trail of Tears- removal of Cherokee to OK
• ¼ of Cherokee people died

Catching on yet? HINT- normally few APUSH
questions devoted to specific presidents. AJ is
the exception. Pivotal role in these events so a
number of APUSH questions focus on AJ his
policies. So while it is safe to skip John
Quincy Adams and Martin Van Buren, it is
important to study Jackson
10
Transportation Revolution

• New Developments
• 1825- Erie Canal completed. Canal building
  through 1850
• Steamboats in wide use 1820s 1830s
• First railroad appeared in US in 1828
• Within 30 years, 30,000 miles of track laid

• Consequences
• Erie Canal strengthened commercial political
  ties between NY City growing cities on Great
  Lakes
• Canals help open West to settlement trade
• Railroads enabled farmers in the Midwest easier
  access to urban markets in the East
• Canals, steamboats railroads had the least
  impact on the South

11
Social Cultural Movements in Antebellum
AmericaWomen

• Cult of Domesticity-
• What role should women play in new republic?
  Cant vote, cant serve on juries, etc
• Republican Motherhood vital role as wives
  moms raising virtuous citizens
• Concerned with domestic, family religion

• Factory workers in Lowell
• Textile mills in Massachusetts
• Young, unmarried women 1820s 1830s
• Irish German immigrants replaced the farm girls
  because they would work for low wages

Dont be surprised to see a question on this-
most APUSH exams have 1 to 2 questions on this
concept. Test writers often use definitions,
quotes, even pictures to see if students can
identify the cult of domesticity /republican
motherhood. A recent APUSH exam devoted the DBQ
to this topic.
12
Changing role of women

• Characteristics of womens movement
• Led by middle class women
• Platform of legal and educational rights
• Close ties to anti-slavery temperance movements
• Conventions held in Northeast Midwest but not
  South

• Seneca Falls Convention 1848
• Led by Elizabeth Cady Stanton Lucretia Mott
• Declaration of Sentimentsgreater rights for
  women modeled after declaration of independence
• Wants
• Womens suffrage
• Right to retain property after marriage
• Greater divorce custody rights
• Equal education opportunities
• Know that Dorothea Dix was NOT involved with
  Seneca, but with reform involving treatment of
  people with mental emotional disabiities

HINT- Important to know what reforms the Seneca
Falls Convention called for. Also important to
know what reforms the convention did NOT call
for. For example- Seneca Falls did NOT call for
liberal abortion laws or equal pay for equal
work. That comes later you should know it.
60s, Betty Friedan, etc- turns against the cult
of domesticity
13
Second Great Awakening

• Wave of religious enthusiasm led by preachers
  Charles Finney and Lyman Beecher
• Finney big success in central western NY
• Called burned-over district due to fervent
  prayer meetings
• Important role in making Americans aware of the
  moral issues of slavery

2007 In what ways did the Second Great Awakening
in the North influence TWO of the
following? Abolitionism Temperance The cult of
domesticity Utopian communities
14
Transcendentalism Utopian Communities

• Philosophical literary movement 1800s
  emphasizing living a simple life, celebrating
  truth in nature, personal emotion imagination
• Henry David Thoreau Ralph Waldo Emersontop
  writers of period

• Shared idea of perfectionism
• Humans can have a better life through conscious
  act of will
• Brook Farm, New Harmony Oneida Community
• Escape competition of everyday life, regulate
  morals, create cooperative lifestyle

15
Cultural Advances

• Hudson River School
• Artists painting landscapes emphasizing Americas
  beauty
• First art school

• Education
• McGuffey Readers
• Newspapers grow
• Education reform wants laws, more teacher
  training state local taxes to finance public
  education