From the Republican Revolution to the Communist Takeover

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From the Republican Revolution to the Communist
Takeover

• 1911-1949

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Issues leading to Revolution- Opium and Revolt
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Issues leading to tensions Opium Wars and
Taiping

• Opium Wars British smuggle in opium from India
  1830s 1840s
• Britain gains Hong Kong and other territories as
  result of wars
• Taiping Rebellion ( 1850-1864) Large scale
  revolt against Qing Govt 20 30 MILLION die as
  result of British and French intervention

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The Boxer Rebellion (1899-1901)
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Issues leading to Rev Boxer Rebellion

• Revolt against foreign influence in trade,
  politics, religion and technology
• Anti-Imperialist movement
• Chinese Government helpless to stop it
• 8 nation alliance (including US and Japan)
  intervene

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Fall of Qing Dynasty

• Qing Founded by Manchu Clan
• Ruled China 1644-1911
• 19th Cent war, rebellion, famine, and defeats
  from dynasty
• Henry Puyu Known as Last Chinese Emperor
• China enters warlord period

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In 1912, A Deal Is Made

• Yuan Shikai is named President of the Republic
• Emperor Pu Yi abdicates

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Yuan Shikai

• -Yuan was a former general in the Qing Dynasty
  presidency handed over to him in 1912
• -The revolutionaries had elected Sun Yat-Sen as
  the first Provisional President of the ROC, but
  they were in a weak position militarily, so they
  reluctantly compromised with Yuan.
• Yuan fulfilled his promise to the revolutionaries
  and arranged for the abdication of the child
  emperor Puyi in return for being granted the
  position of the president, replacing Sun.
• Turmoil following his death

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Political Parties Struggle for Power

• Nationalists (Kuomintang-KMT)
• vs.
• Communists (CCP)

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Nationalists (KMT)1912

• Formed by Sun Yat-Sen Song Jiaoren
• Chiang Kai-Shek joins in 1923

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Dr. Sun Yat Sen

• Known as Father of the Revolution
• Based his idea of revolution on 3 principles
• Nationalism Chinese Government should be in the
  hands of the Chinese, rather than a foreign
  imperial house
• Democracy Govt should be elected
• Equalization Land and wealth should be evenly
  distributed

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Nationalism, Democracy, and Livelihood

• Because we are unwilling to let a small number
  of Manchus enjoy all the privileges, we want a
  nationalist revolution. Because we do not want
  one man, the monarch, to enjoy all the
  privileges, we want a political revolution. And
  because we do not want a small number of rich
  people to enjoy all the privileges, we want a
  social revolution.
• Dr. Sun Yat-Sen
• 1906

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Communists (CCP)1921

• Marxists study groups established in 1919
• Mao Tse-Tung

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Mao Tse-Tung

• Mao leads group in Hunan
• Soviet influence (Comintern agents visit)
• Appeals to those who have become disillusioned
  with the materialism of the west and those upset
  over the Treaty of Versailles (1919) - China
  wasnt invited and Shandong was transferred from
  Germany to Japan
• Led May 4th Movement (student protest at
  Tiananmen Square)

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Chiang Kai Shek and the Nationalists

• Took over after death of Sun Yat Sen 1925
• Believed Communist activities to be socially and
  economically disruptive

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1927-28 Nationalist Purges
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1934 The Long March

• 80,000 CCP members march 6,000 miles from
  Fujian/Jiangxi to Shaanxi
• Roughly 8,000 make it all the way

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Sino-Japanese War 1937-1945

• Weakened power of Chiang Kai Shek
• US believed supporting Shek was throwing money
  down a rat hole

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1937 Rape of Nanking

• Tens of thousands of civilians and soldiers died
• Thousands of women raped

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War with Japan

• During the occupation of Nanjing, the Japanese
  army committed numerous atrocities, such as rape,
  looting, arson and the execution of prisoners of
  war and civilians.
• Although the executions began under the pretext
  of eliminating Chinese soldiers disguised as
  civilians, a large number of innocent men were
  intentionally identified as enemy combatants and
  executedor simply killed outrightas the
  massacre gathered momentum.
• A large number of women and children were also
  killed, as rape and murder became more
  widespread.

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End of War

• Japanese occupation ends
• Discontent with KMT resurfaces
• Chiang Kai-Shek flees to Taiwan and sets up
  Republic of China

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October 1, 1949 Mao Declares the Peoples
Republic of China