Blood Groups and Blood Typing

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Blood Groups and Blood Typing
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Blood Typing

• Glycoproteins are found..
• on the cell membrane
• In the case of RBCs, these glycoproteins are
  responsible for..
• distinguishing blood types
• Our blood type is.
• genetic

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How is blood type determined?

• Blood type is determined by the presence or
  absence of antigens on the surface of red blood
  cells as well as the antibodies in the
  plasma/fluid.

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What are antigens?

• a substance, usually protein in nature, that
  stimulates the formation of antibodies.
• Antigens are found on the surface of red blood
  cells

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What are antibodies?

• Y-shaped proteins, formed within the blood, which
  react with antigens.
• Antibodies are found in the blood plasma

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Everyones blood has a combination of elements
from the two systems which are used to type blood

• the ABO system
• the Rh system

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ABO System

• How many different blood types are there in the
  ABO system?
• 4 different blood types
• What are they?
• A, B, AB, and O

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ABO System

• A and B are antigen glycoproteins found on the
  surface of a persons red blood cells
• O indicates no antigen present

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ABO System

• The ABO system is involved in cell recognition
• Protection from foreign particles

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ABO System

• There are four blood groups A, B, AB, and O.

• Blood group A If you belong to the blood group
  A, you have A antigens on the surface of your red
  blood cells and B antibodies in your blood
  plasma.

Blood group B If you belong to the blood group
B, you have B antigens on the surface of your red
blood cells and A antibodies in your blood plasma.
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ABO System

Blood group AB If you belong to the blood group
AB, you have both A and B antigens on the surface
of your red blood cells and no A or B antibodies
at all in your blood plasma.
Blood group O If you belong to the blood group 0
(null), you have neither A or B antigens on the
surface of your red blood cells but you have both
A and B antibodies in your blood plasma.
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Blood Types
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What blood type is the universal donor ?What
blood type is the universal recipient?
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Blood Type Antigens Antibodies May donate to May receive from
A A B A and AB A and O
B B A B and AB B and O
AB A and B None AB A, B, AB and O
O None A and B A, B, AB and O O
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Rh Factor or Rhesus Factor

• Besides the ABO system, a person can be either
• Rh positive
• Rh negative
• Most people are
• Rh positive

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Rh Factor

• The Rh factor is another antigen found on the
  surface of
• the red blood cells
• it can be a problem if a woman is pregnant and
  she is
• Rh negative
• And the fetus is
• Rh positive

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Rh Factor

• Normally a mother and her baby have separate
  blood systems
• However, there are times when the babys blood
  may enter the mothers system

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Rh and Pregnancy

• If the mother is Rh negative and is exposed to
  her babys Rh positive blood, the mothers body
  produces
• Antibodies against the babys red blood cells

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Rh Factor

• This is not normally a problem during a first
  pregnancy because
• Antibodies havent had time to build up
• During subsequent pregnancies, the mother is
  given a drug to suppress her reaction to the
  babys Rh factor

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Transfusions

• Blood transfusion is the process of transferring
  blood or blood-based products from one person
  into the circulatory system of another.

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• Mixing blood from two individuals can lead to
  blood clumping and even death. This occurs when
  the blood of the donor and the blood of the
  recipient are not compatible.

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• When we receive blood that does not match our
  own, our body produces an immune response. This
  immune response is similar to one produced when
  our cells encounter a pathogen.
• When a pathogen, with unknown antigens, invades
  our body an immune response is stimulated.
  Antibodies attach to the unknown antigens and
  deliver the pathogen to macrophages which destroy
  the pathogen.

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How is blood typing done?

• Is used to determine the blood groups of an
  individual
• Involves mixing the blood with three different
  reagents that have
• A antibodies
• B antibodies
• Rh antibodies

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Blood Typing

• Agglutination or clumping indicates that the
  blood has reacted with the antibody reagent.
• For example, blood type A will clump when placed
  in antibody A reagent.
• Another example blood type O- will not clump in
  any reagent, since it has no antigens.

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O Negative Blood Universal Donor
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AB Positive universal recipient
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O Positive Bloodthe most common type
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A Positive Blood
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B Positive Blood
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Recap

• ABO and Rh Systems
• Blood type determined by antigens located on red
  blood cells and antibodies located in the plasma

• Four blood types A, B, AB and O
• Rh positive or negative
• Transfusion immune
• response

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Case Number 5321

• London Police Department Confidential Information

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Known Information

• T.O.D approximately 10pm last night
• Location 500 Richmond St, London On
• Details Suspect 2 had some friends over after
  her basketball game. At 945pm the victim said
  she was leaving to go home. Everyone said goodbye
  and the victim preceded upstairs. Suspects 3 and
  4 also went upstairs to get some snacks before
  returning to the basement. At 1015pm Suspect 1
  came home, he is suspect 2s father, and found
  the victim dead in the bathroom. He immediately
  called the police and then went to check on his
  daughter and her friends.
• Cause of death Blunt Force Trauma

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Evidence

• Blood type
• Victims Blood O positive
• Blood found at the crime scene AB negative
• Hair
• Victims
• Unidentified
• Murder weapon
• Candle Stick

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The victim

• Age 16 years
• Sex Female
• D.O.B December 26, 1991
• Occupation Student

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The Suspects

• SUSPECT 1
• Age 52 years
• Sex Male
• D.O.B October 12, 1956
• Occupation Lawyer
• Relation to victim Found the victim. Victim was
  his daughters friend

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The Suspects

• SUSPECT 2
• Age 17 years
• Sex Female
• D.O.B April 3, 1991
• Occupation Student
• Relation to victim Plays on her basketball team
  and has been going to school with the victim
  since elementary school

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The Suspects
SUSPECT 3 Age 16 Sex Female D.O.B February 28,
1992 Occupation Student Relation to victim Goes
to school with the victim. Victim is now dating
her old boyfriend
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The Suspects

• SUSPECT 4
• Age 17 years
• Sex Male
• D.O.B July 16, 1991
• Occupation student
• Relation to victim Boyfriend

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Your Job

• Using what youve learned, how would you go about
  ruling out suspects?
• Blood type each of the suspects

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From the Lab

• Suspect 1s blood clots in the presence of A, B,
  and Rh antibodies
• Suspect 2s blood clots in the presence of B
  antibodies only
• Suspect 3s blood clots in the presence of Rh
  antibodies only.
• Suspect 4s blood clots in the presence of B and
  Rh antibodies

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Who did it?

• Suspect 1 AB negative
• Suspect 2 B negative
• Suspect 3 O negative
• Suspect 4 B positive
• Blood found at the scene was AB negative
  suspect 1 is likely the killer.

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Fun Activity / Review

• Check out this link to practice your blood group
  knowledge
• http//nobelprize.org/educational_games/medicine/
  landsteiner/