A Guide to Software, 4e

1
A Guide to Software, 4e

• Chapter 8
• Windows on a Network

2
Physical Network Architectures

• Elements providing an overview of networks
• The different sizes of networks
• The different technologies used by networks
• Some networking terms
• Network types commonly encountered
• Ethernet
• Wireless networks
• Telephone networks
• Mostly outdated token ring and FDDI networks

3
Sizes of Networks

• A network links two or more computers
• PAN (personal area network)
• Consists of personal devices at close range
• LAN (local area network)
• Covers a small local area such as a home, or
  office
• MAN (metropolitan area network)
• Covers a large campus or city
• WAN (wide area network)
• Covers a large geographical area e.g., the
  Internet

4
Additional Terms Used in Networking

• Node (host) one device on a network e.g.,
  server
• Network adapter interfaces a PC with a network
• Network interface card (NIC) fits in a PCI slot
• Adapter (MAC, physical, or hardware) address
• 48-bit (6-byte) id number hard-coded on card
• Example 00-0C-6E-4E-AB-A5
• Network protocols rules of communication
• Packets (datagrams or frames)
• Basic unit of data transmitted on a network

5
Introducing Ethernet

• Ethernet types (categorized by speed)
• 10-Mbps Ethernet
• 100-Mbps or Fast Ethernet
• 1000-Mbps or Gigabit Ethernet
• 10-Gigabit Ethernet
• Types of cabling used
• Two kinds of twisted-pair
• Unshielded twisted pair (UTP) four pairs of
  twisted wire
• Shielded twisted pair (STP) protected from EMI
• Coaxial cable single copper wire with braided
  shield
• Fiber-optic glass strands inside protective
  tubing

6
Wi-Fi Wireless Networks

• Use radio waves or infrared light to connect PCs
• Popular in places where cables are difficult to
  install
• 802.11wireless (Wi-Fi or Wireless Fidelity)
• Types 802.11g (most popular), 802.11b, 802.11a
• Two new standards 802.11k and 802.11r
• Ad hoc mode directly links two wireless devices
• Access point (AP) connects wireless device to
  LAN
• WiMAX (802.16 Wireless/802.16d and 802.16e)
• Used in public hot spots and as a last mile
  solution
• Bluetooth short range standard e.g., optical
  mouse

7
Figure 8-5 Nodes on a wireless LAN connect to a
cabled network by way of an access point
8
VoIP Telephone Networks

• VoIP (Voice over Internet Protocol)
• Uses packets of data to communicate
• Need broadband Internet connection
• Can use a VoIP digital phone
• Newer WiFi phones can use a WiFi hotspot to send
  and receive VoIP wirelessly
• Some think WiFi phones will replace cell phones

9
Figure 8-5 This VoIP digital telephone connects
to a local network and on to the Internet by way
of a network cable
10
Windows on a Network

• Major software components on a network
• An operating system installed on each PC
• Network operating system (NOS) for larger
  networks
• Peer-to-peer network (workgroup)
• Each PC has the same authority on the network
• Client/server model (domain)
• Access to network resources controlled by an NOS
• Server is called a domain controller
• A few network operating systems
• Windows 2003 Server, Novell NetWare, Linux

11
Four Suites of Protocols

• TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet
  Protocol)
• Primary protocol used on the Internet
• IPX/SPX (Internetwork Packet Exchange/Sequenced
  Packet Exchange)
• Designed for use with Novell NetWare
• NetBEUI (NetBIOS Extended User Interface)
• Supports NetBIOS (Network Basic Input/Output
  System)
• AppleTalk
• Proprietary networking protocol suite for Macs

12
Four Suites of Protocols (continued)

• Using a protocol on the network
• Install a NIC card in the computer
• Connect network cable to network device e.g., a
  switch
• NIC card binds to higher level protocol e.g.,
  TCP/IP
• How to identify which protocols are used in
  Windows
• Look at the properties of a network connection
• More than one OS protocol can be used on a
  network
• New protocols may be installed
• Network printers can be accessed in various ways

13
Figure 8-9 Three Windows XP network protocols are
installed and two protocols are bound to this
network card
14
Addressing on a Network

• Four methods used to identify devices and
  programs
• Using a MAC address
• Using an IP address
• Using character-based names (host, domain,
  NetBIOS)
• Using a Port address
• IP addresses
• Used in TCP/IP to identify any device on the
  network
• 4 bytes (octets) separated by dots e.g.,
  190.180.40.120
• System allows for up to 4.3 billion IP addresses
• First part identifies network, last part
  identifies host

15
Addressing on a Network (continued)

• Classes of IP addresses
• Class A first octet for network, remainder for
  host
• Class B two octets for network, remainder for
  host
• Class C three octets for network, remainder for
  host
• Class D reserved for multicasting
• Class E reserved for research
• Subnet mask
• Octets used to identify if PCs are in same
  network
• Ex if subnet is 255.0.0.0, the first octets must
  match
• Two types classful and classless (CIDR)

16
Table 8-1 Classes of IP addresses
17
Addressing on a Network (continued)

• IP address categories
• Public IP address available for use on the
  Internet
• Private IP address only used on a private
  intranet
• Static IP address permanently assigned to a node
• Dynamic IP address assigned for current session
• Solutions for IP address shortages
• 1. Private IP addresses
• 2. Dynamic IP addressing (may be combined with 1)
• DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) server
• Manages dynamically assigned IP addresses

18
Figure 8-16 A DHCP server has a range of IP
addresses it can assign to clients on the network
19
Addressing on a Network (continued)

• Network address translation (NAT)
• Presents public IP address for PC with private
  address
• A proxy server makes the IP address substitutions
• Proxy server node between the network and the
  Internet
• Router can act as proxy server, DHCP server,
  firewall
• Name resolution links a name to an IP address
• DNS (Domain Name System) tracks host names
• WINS (Windows Internet Naming Service)
• Tracks NetBIOS names e.g., joesmith,
  Workstation12

20
How Computers Find Each Other on a LAN

• PC must acquire IP address of another PC for a
  link
• Methods for discovering IP address of another PC
• The computer checks the NetBIOS name cache
• If WINS server address is known, PC queries
  server
• Computer uses broadcast to query nodes on LAN
• The computer checks a file named LMHosts
• The computer checks the file named Hosts
• If DNS server address is known, PC queries server
  

21
Configuring a NIC and Connecting to a Network

• Components needed to connect a PC to a network
• NIC and network port or wireless NIC card in the
  PC
• Patch cable
• Device for the PC to connect to, such as a router
• NIC card selection criteria
• NIC should match type of bus on motherboard
• NIC should match speed and type of network
• Wireless NIC should match network technology

22
Installing a NIC Using Windows 2000/XP

• Overview of installation steps
• Determine whether driver or NIC is installed
  first
• If NIC precedes driver, install NIC and turn on
  PC
• Follow instructions in Found New Hardware Wizard
• Verify driver installation using the Device
  Manager
• Update the driver if necessary
• Connect patch cable to NIC port and network
  switch
• Configuring Windows 2000/XP to use a network
• Name computer in System Properties dialog box

23
Installing a NIC Using Windows 2000/XP (continued)

• Questions to ask before configuring TCP/IP
• Will the PC use dynamic or static IP addressing?
• What are the IP address, subnet mask, default
  gateway?
• A question to ask if static IP addressing is used
• Do you use DNS?
• If so, what are the IP addresses of your DNS
  servers?
• Is a proxy server used to connect to other
  networks?
• If so, what is the IP address of the proxy
  server?
• Gateway device that connects two networks

24
Installing a NIC Using Windows 2000/XP (continued)

• Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) Properties dialog box
• Used to configure TCP/IP under Windows XP
• Dialog opened from Properties of Local Area
  Connection
• NWLink or NetBEUI protocol
• Used for network communication (excluding the
  Internet)
• Can be used in combination with TCP/IP
• Installed from Properties of Local Area
  Connection

25
Installing a NIC Using Windows 9x/Me

• Overview of installation steps
• Physically install the NIC and turn on the PC
• Follow instructions of the Wizard
• Verify the installation using Device Manager
• Assigning a computer name
• Access Identification tab in Network dialog box
• Enter names of computer and workgroup
• Verify assignment in Network Neighborhood window
• Installing and configuring TCP/IP using Windows
  98
• Use functions in the Network window

26
Installing a Wireless Adapter in a Notebook

• Wireless adapter uses a USB port or PC Card slot
• Installation package includes a CD and
  accessories
• Overview of steps for installing a Linksys
  adapter
• Install the software from the setup CD
• Plug the wireless adapter into a USB port
• Launch Found New Hardware and follow instructions
• Managing the issue of an unsigned driver
• Find approved driver or continue installation
• Deciding which installation utility to use
• Choose manufacturers utility over Windows XPs

27
Installing a Wireless Adapter in a Notebook
(continued)

• Information displayed about a current connection
• MAC address of access point device used by
  adapter
• The current channel the connection is using
• Transfer rate, throughput, link quality, signal
  strength
• Configuration changes you can make
• Mode or network type
• The SSID (service set identifier)
• Encryption settings
• Tx rate
• TCP/IP configuration

28
Figure 8-45 Enter the SSID of a hot spot to which
you want to connect
29
Sharing Files, Folders, and Applications

• PCs in same workgroup or domain share resources
• How to makes network shares available
• Use My Network Places in Windows 2000/XP
• Use Network Neighborhood in Windows 9x/Me
• Windows components required for sharing resources
• Client for Microsoft Networks
• Printer Sharing for Microsoft Networks
• Creating a network share in Windows
• Use Sharing tab in Properties dialog box of target

30
Network Drive Maps

• Make the client PC appear to have a new hard
  drive
• Physical hard drive space is on the host (the
  server)
• Network File System (NFS)
• Manages network drive maps between client and
  server
• Is a type of distributed file system (DFS)
• Provides more for highly reliable file sharing
• Overview of steps to create a network drive map
• Create a network share on the host
• Access network using remote computer (client)
• Use Map Network Drive to map host drive to client

31
What If You Don't Want To Share?

• Disable File and Printer Sharing
• Hide PC from others looking at My Network Places
• Hide a shared folder
• Make your personal folders private

32
Security on a Wireless LAN

• Methods for securing a wireless connection
• Disable SSID broadcasting
• Filter MAC addresses
• Data encryption e.g., WPA (WiFi Protected
  Access)
• Change firmware default settings
• Update firmware
• Use a firewall
• Virtual private network (VPN)

33
Configure and Test Your Wireless Network

• Installing the hardware
• Position device and plug it in
• Connect the device using a network or USB cable
• Access point configuration is saved on firmware
• Configuring the access point
• Change default password to the administrative
  utility
• Select basic wireless settings, such as the
  channel
• Set up data encryption
• Choose whether to filter MAC addresses
• Save the settings and test the connection

34
Troubleshooting a Network Connection

• Some symptoms indicating a faulty NIC
• You cannot make a connection to the network.
• My Network Places does not show any other PCs
• An error message displays during driver
  installation
• Displaying TCP/IP connection information
• Use Ipconfig under Windows 2000/XP
• Use Winipcfg under Windows 9x/Me
• Ping (Packet Internet Groper) diagnostic tool
• Sends a signal to a remote computer
• If remote PC is online and senses signal, it
  responds