Pediatrics as a science about a healthy and sick child. Periods childhood. Health groups. Dentist importance in child

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Pediatrics as a science about a healthy and sick
child. Periods childhood. Health groups. Dentist
importance in childs health care.

• SAKHAROVA Inna.Ye., MD, PhD

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General birth rate of the population,

• The number of people which were born alive during
  one year1000
• Mid-annual population

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General mortality rate of the population,

• The number died during one year 1000
• Mid-annual population

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Infant mortality rate,

• Number of infant which were born alive and under
  the age of one year1000
• The common number of infant which were born
  alive for a year

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Neonatal mortality rate,

• Number of infant which were born alive and have
  died on the first month of a life1000
• The common number of infant which were born alive
  during one year

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Early neonatal mortality rate,

• The number of infant which were born alive and
  have died in the first 6 days1000
• The common number of infant which were born
  alive during one year

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Stillbirth rate,

• The number of infant which were born dead after
  28 weeks of pregnancy1000 The number of infant
  which were born alive and dead during one year

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Health indices

• Demographically indices (birth rate, mortality
  rate, neonatal mortality rate , early
  neonatal mortality rate , still birth rate,
  infant mortality rate ).
• Morbidity indices (primary, general, according to
  preventive services, hospital morbidity,
  morbidity with temporary disability ).
• Invalidity indices (primary, general).
• Indices of physical development.

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Health groups

• I. Healthy children without any deflections
  according to all signs of health they dont get
  ill or get sick rarely children with
  insignificant deflections which dont influence
  health condition and dont need any correction.
• II A. Children with burdened biological history
  (pathology of pregnancy, pathologic or difficult
  labor, multiple pregnancy, immature pregnancy,
  complicated early neonatal period) and aggravated
  social history (harmful parents habits,
  divorced parents, orphans, etc.), but with normal
  physical and psychomotor development, without
  functional disorders.
• II-B. Children with functional disorders
  children which have been ill often and longly
  with often and long episodes of virus respiratory
  diseases children with risk of developing
  chronic pathology reconvalescent children after
  severe acute diseases.
• III. Children with chronic pathology in
  compensation.
• IV. Children with chronic pathology in
  subcompensation.
• V. Children with chronic pathology in
  decompensation.

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• Risk group- Children from the II health group,
  which havent developed chronic pathology, but
  they have different functional and morphological
  deflections that may course change the health
  condition for the worse.
• Risk groups
• with risk of developing pathology of central
  nervous system
• immature babies
• with risk of developing throphical disorders
• with risk of developing anemia
• with risk of developing respiratory pathology
• with congenital defects
• group of social risk.

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Prenatal period it lasts from conception to
birth. Prenatal period is divided into embryonic
and fetal periods.

• Embryonic period begins from conception to 8
  weeks of gestations.
• Fetal period lasts from 8 to 40 weeks of
  intrauterine life (by the birth).
• A rapid growth rate and total dependency makes
  this one of the most crucial periods in the
  developmental process. The relationship between
  maternal health and certain manifestations in the
  newborn emphasizes the importance of adequate
  prenatal care to the health and well-being of the
  infant.

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• The common diseases that appear in embryonic
  period (embryopathy)
• anencephalia,
• hydrocephaly,
• pylorostenosis,
• congenital malformation of lungs, kidney,
• congenital heart defect.
• The common diseases that appear in fetal period
  (fetopathy)
• microsomia decreased sizes of some parts of the
  body,
• hypoplasia organ or system of organs
  underdeveloped,
• macrosomia increased sizes of some parts of the
  body,
• intrauterine infection (herpetic infection,
  hepatitis, rubella, mycoplasmosis, toxoplasmosis).

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Infancy period it lasts from birth to 12 months.
Infancy is divided into neonatal and infancy.

• Neonatal period it begins from birth of the baby
  and lasts by 28 days.
• Infancy lasts from 1 to 12 months.
• The infancy period is one of rapid motor,
  cognitive, and social development. Through
  mutuality with the caregiver (mother), the infant
  establishes a basic trust in the world and the
  foundation for future interpersonal
  relationships. The critical first month of life,
  although the part of the infancy period, is often
  differentiated from the remainder because of the
  major physical adjustments to extrauterine
  existence and the psychologic adjustment of the
  mother.

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• The common diseases that appear in neonatal
  period
• embryopathy,
• fetopathy,
• intrauterine infection,
• birth ingeries (cephalhematoma, caput
  succedaneum, skull fracture, fractures of
  clavicle, humerus, facial paralysis, brachial
  palsy).
• The common diseases that appear in infancy
• rickets, rachitis,
• anemia,
• hypotrophy,
• paratrophy,
• acute diarrhea,
• acute respiratory virus infections,
• acute pneumonia,
• infantile eczema.

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Early childhood includes the children in age from
1 to 6 years. It is divided into toddler and
preschool periods.

• Toddler period lasts from 1 to 3 years.
• Preschool period begins from 3 years and ended
  at 6 years.
• This period, which extends from the time children
  attain upright locomotion until they enter
  school, is characterized by intense activity and
  discovery. It is a time of marked physical and
  personality development. Motor development
  advances steadily. Children at this age acquire
  language and wider social relationships, learn
  role standards, gain self-control and mastery,
  develop increasing awareness of dependence and
  independence, and begin to develop a self-concept.

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• The common diseases that appear in toddler
  period
• acute children infections (rubella, measles,
  scarlet fever, pertussis, chickenpox, dysentery).
• The common diseases that appear in preschool
  period
• acute children infections (rubella, measles,
  scarlet fever, pertussis, chickenpox, dysentery),
• tuberculosis,
• bronchial asthma,
• obesity,
• rheumatism,
• ingery.

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Middle childhood it lasts from 6 to 12 years.

• Middle childhood includes prepubertal period it
  begins from 10 years and completes at 12 years.
• Frequently referred to as the "school age," this
  period of development is one in which the child
  is directed away from the family group and is
  centered around the wider world of peer
  relationships. There is steady advancement in
  physical, mental, and social development with
  emphasis on developing skill competencies. Social
  cooperation and early moral development take on
  more importance with relevance for later life
  stages. This is a critical period in the
  development of a self-concept.
• A developmental task is a set of skills and
  competencies peculiar to each developmental stage
  that children must accomplish or master in order
  to deal effectively with their environment.

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• The common diseases that appear in middle
  childhood
• chronic heart diseases (myocarditis, rheumatism),
• chronic kidneys diseases (pyelonephritis,
  glomerulonephritis),
• diseases of nervious systems,
• scoliosis,
• disease of eye sight.

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Later childhood (adolescence period) it lasts
from 12 to 18 years.

• The tumultuous period of rapid maturation and
  change known as adolescence has been described in
  various ways. It is considered to be a
  transitional period that begins at the onset of
  puberty and extends to the point of entry into
  the adult world - usually high school graduation.
  Biologic and personality maturation are
  accompanied by physical and emotional turmoil,
  and there is redefining of the self-concept. In
  the late adolescent period the child begins to
  internalize all the previously learned values and
  to focus on an individual, rather than a group,
  identity.

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• The common diseases that appear in later
  childhood
• dysfunction of the nervous system,
• dysfunction of the cardiovascular system,
• dysfunction of the digestive system,
• dysfunction of the endocrine system,
• chronic heart diseases (myocarditis, rheumatism),
• chronic kidneys diseases (pyelonephritis,
  glomerulonephritis),
• diseases of the nervous systems.