Five of the World

1
Five of the Worlds Most Critical Environmental
Concerns
2
Environmental Concern 1 Desertization

• Source http//theroadtothehorizon.net/photo/deser
  tification20in20China.jpg

3
What is desertization?

• The United Nations has defined the term as
• Land degradation in arid, semi-arid, and dry
  sub-humid areas resulting from adverse human
  impact.
• What do they mean by degradation?
• Reduction in resource potential by water and
  wind erosion, sedimentation and siltation,
  reduction in the level of diversity in
  vegetation, crop yields, soil salinization, and
  sodication.
• Source
• (Hellden, 1991)

4
Background Information On Soil

• Soil is needed to feed the world. Without it, we
  would starve!
• Soil is important because it is a limited natural
  resource which takes about 100 years to produce
  just one inch of topsoil
• Soil consists of organic and inorganic material
• The inorganic material is sand, silt, clay,
  gravel, and bedrock
• Humus is the organic material (dead stuff) which
  provides the soil with needed nutrients
• The ideal soil is loam which has a proportional
  amount of sand, silt, and clay
• The soil ecosystem includes bugs and worms.
  These creatures are important because they dig
  tunnels for air and water to reach the root of
  the plant

5
Background Information On Soil

• If an apple were the world and you cut it into 32
  pieces, the peeling of the 1/32 piece of apple
  would be equivalent to the amount of topsoil
  present on earth.

6
Background Information On Desertization

• The Sahel of Africa is the most stricken region
  of the world
• 35 of the worlds land surface is at risk
• Each year, 21 million hectares of soil is turned
  almost useless or useless
• This is a threat to the worlds economy

7
Causes of desertization

• Human Actions
• Population Growth need for more food
• Populations larger than the carrying capacity
• Mismanagement of natural resources
• Overgrazing
• Deforestation and clearing of vegetation for
  pasture land
• Increased number of livestock
• Irrigation problems leading to salination of soil
• Climatic change causing decrease in rainfall
• Wind and water erosion
• Source Le Houerou (1977)

8
Effects of desertization

• Droughts
• Loss of topsoil land degradation with desert
  like conditions
• Decrease in rainfall and water
• Dust storms increasing in number
• Damaged economy retail, travel, industry,
  worker absenteeism due to illnesses
• Damages biodiversity within ecosystems
• Destroys crops, trees, vegetation
• Source (Brown)

9
Solutions for desertization

• Establish greenbelts along the boarders of
  deserts
• Halts encroachment and affects microclimates of
  local areas
• Helps with wind and soil erosion
• Reduces soil temperature
• Reduces run-off
• Increases the organic material near the edges of
  desert, thus improving the soils nutrient
  content
• Cons evidence does not support a high success
  rate, it is very expensive, and hard to manage
• Source Le Houerou and Lundholm (1976)

10
Solutions for desertization

• Water supply through desalinization
• Applicable for mineral and oil-rich countries
  like Saudi Arabia
• Runoff Farming
• Planting near rain water catchments so irrigation
  is not needed
• Using agricultural and industrial by-products
• Take part of the herd to feed lot
• Feed livestock by-product instead of allowing
  them to graze
• Source Le Houerou and Lundholm (1976)

11
Solutions for desertization

• Agricultural
• Better practices
• Crop rotations
• Plant legumes source of protein and alternative
  to meat
• Drip irrigation
• Land use planning
• Plant vegetation that minimizes erosion by
  maximizing vegetation cover on the land
• Organic fertilizers
• Livestock
• Limit population size
• Rotate graving sites
• Move to an animal lower down on the food chain
  which uses less water and food
• Source Le Houerou and Lundholm (1976)

12
Solutions for desertization

• Successful Family Planning
• Decrease or at least stabilize the growth of the
  population
• Planning
• Consider land consolidation and sound land use
  practices
• Inventory humans, cattle, land, water,
  vegetation, and natural resources to gather data
• Use data to make plans for relief
• Source Le Houerou (1977)

13
World map of desertization locations

• Source http//colli239.fts.educ.msu.edu/wp-conten
  t/uploads/2010/03/800px-Desertification_map.png

14
Desertization Video

• Source http//video.google.com/videoplay?docid33
  32285257674477144

15
Environmental Concern 2Population Growth
(Overcrowding)

• Source http//candobetter.org/files/population.gr
  owth.gif

16
What is population growth and over crowding?

• When the number of births for the year is higher
  than the number of deaths. The result is a net
  increase of people.

17
Background Information

• People need a certain amounts of natural
  resources to live a life that in adequate
• Land
• Fresh water
• Food
• Energy
• Material resources
• There is a limited supply of natural resources
  and problems arise when and where there is a
  shortage of these
• Take a second to review the change in the size of
  the worlds population

18
Background Information

• Population Size of the World
• 1800 900 million
• 1950 2.5 billion
• 1970 3.7 billion
• 1990 5.3 billion
• 2010 6.8 billion
• 2030 8.2 billion (est.)
• 2050 9.3 billion (est.)

19
Causes of population growth and over crowding

• Death rate decreased while birth rate increased
• Better medicine (vaccines, antibiotics, health
  care, immunizations) and better nutrition
• Clean water available to more people
• Increased food productivity
• Increase in fertility rate
• Better sanitation less disease
• Higher standard of living
• Able to supply needs and demands of population
• Source (Kinder, 1998)

20
Effects of population growth and over crowding

• Land Use
• Increase in food consumption means more land for
  crops and cattle
• Overgrazing damaging the soil worst case
  scenario would be desertization
• Higher crop yields but near the ceiling for
  production
• Deforestation to create farmland and grazing
  areas to feed the growing numbers
• Increase in CO2 emissions adding to global
  warming which is causing heat waves and droughts
  which damage the crops and the land

21
Effects of population growth and over crowding

• Water Use
• Higher demand
• 70 of all fresh water is used in irrigation to
  make food
• Increase in use of water to accommodate the
  demand in food production
• Aquifers are being drained quicker than they can
  refill
• Pollution from agriculture has damaged the
  aquatic biomes

22
Effects of population growth and over crowding

• Pollution
• Use of fertilizers and pesticides which runoff
  and damage aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems
  Higher crop yields
• Deforestation to create farmland and grazing
  areas to feed the growing numbers takes away
  oxygen producers
• Increase in CO2 emissions adding to global
  warming
• Increase in methane from landfills and animals
• CFCs used in refrigerators are more harmful than
  CO2

23
Solutions for population growth and over crowding

• Increase productivity in agriculture
• multiple cropping allows for overlapping so the
  land doesnt sit still
• intercropping grow two crops at the same time
  with nitrogen rich plants like peanuts and
  legumes mixed in with nitrogen dependent crops
• Seed bed transplanting allows for multiple
  crops to be produced in shorter time
• Land reform shift cattle ranches into farms
• Better irrigation practices less water to yield
  same amount
• Grow crops that require less water
• Genetically modified plants
• Move from meat to high protein plants less
  water required

24
Solutions for population growth and over crowding

• Third World Countries
• Equal rights for women right to choose number
  of children they have
• Economic development bring them out of poverty
  where social status is based on earnings instead
  of the number of children they gave birth to
• Education better income and learn about birth
  control
• Education better economy lower birth rate
• In General
• Legislation or tax incentives for having fewer
  children
• Foreign aid educate and provide birth control
• Source http//www.umich.edu/gs265/society/popula
  tiongrowth.htm

25
Population Growth Video

• Source http//www.ted.com/talks/hans_rosling_on_g
  lobal_population_growth.html

26
Environmental Concern 3 Global Warming/Climate
Change

• Source http//westorlandonews.com/wpcontent/uploa
  ds/2009/12/global_warming.jpg

27
What is global warming and climate change?

• Global warming is the increase in temperature in
  the earths atmosphere and oceans due to the
  increase in greenhouse gases, caused by
  pollutants. It should also be noted that the
  amount of sunlight that reaches the earth from
  the sun in manipulated.
• Climate change is a change in the patterns of
  temperatures, seasons, humidity, precipitation,
  and wind.
• (Easton, T. 2010)

28
Causes of global warming and climate change

• Human Influences
• Humans we emit greenhouse causes with our cars,
  factories, and with the use of electricity.
• Methane landfills, livestock
• Nitrous oxides from fertilizers
• Depletion of forests
• CFCs and HCFCs used in refrigeration and are
  more potent that carbon dioxides

29
Effects of global warming and climate change

• Because so many systems are tied to climate, a
  change in climate can affect many related aspects
  of where and how people, plants and animals live,
  such as food production, availability and use of
  water, and health risks.
• Predicted 0.5-1.0 degree increase in temperature
  over next few decades
• Increased production of ozone (5-10 by 2050)
  due to increased temperature, combined with
  primary emissions, sunlight, and air mass
  stagnation events
• Increase in wildfires
• Water concerns drought, waterborne diseases,
  harmful increase in blue-green algae, melting of
  the polar ice caps
• Increase in sea levels flooding, damage to city
  infrastructures
• Extreme weather events more frequent
  hurricanes, cold weather fronts, floods, heat
  waves
• (English et al., 2009)

30
Effects of global warming and climate change

• Because so many systems are tied to climate, a
  change in climate can affect many related aspects
  of where and how people, plants and animals live,
  such as food production, availability and use of
  water, and health risks.
• More allergies and respiratory illnesses due to
  increase in production of plant biomass (pollens
  could show a 320 increase by 2050)
• Disease and premature deaths
• Environmental infectious diseases range of
  diseases can spread to larger range (West Nile,
  Lyme, valley fever, dengue fever and human
  hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome
• Heat vulnerability poor, children, elderly,
  health patients, infants, and the socially
  isolated are at a higher risk
• (English et al., 2009)

31
Global Warming Simulation

• Video http//environment.nationalgeographic.com/e
  nvironment/global-warming/gw-impacts-interactive

32
Source Alberni Environmental Coalition,
http//www.portaec.net/library/energy/government_s
olutions_to_global_w.html
Steps to address global warming and climate
change

• You
• Use energy efficient light bulbs
• Replace air filters frequently
• Purchase energy efficient appliances
• Use less energy when cooking, cleaning, etc
• Buy local, fresh, organic, and farther down the
  food chain items
• Carpool or limit trips
• Switch to green power
• Plant a tree
• Reduce waste
• Buy items with the least amount of packaging

• Government
• Use less fossil fuels
• Switch to technologies that use fewer harmful
  emissions
• Create legislation for all to follow on the
  local, state, national, and world level
• Create more and better technology that is energy
  efficient
• Develop clean, renewable, and safe energy
• Move from coal, oil and gas by switching to
  natural gas
• Address population growth
• Push towards fewer cattle ranches and educate
  people to eat lower down the food chain to reduce
  methane gas levels

33
Global Warming Video

• Video http//video.nationalgeographic.com/video/p
  layer/environment/global-warming-environment/globa
  l-warming-101.html

34
Al Gore VideoCauses of global warming and what
you can do?

• Video http//www.ted.com/talks/al_gore_on_avertin
  g_climate_crisis.html

35
Environmental Concern 4 Energy Resources

• Source http//www.familysecuritymatters.org/imgLi
  b/20080722_energy_crisis_3.jpg

population growth and over crowding
36
What are our energy resources?

• The United States is fossil fuel (oil, coal, and
  natural gas) dependent.

37
Who are the top exporters of oil to the United
States?

• Source http//www.eia.doe.gov/pub/oil_gas/petrole
  um/data_publications/company_level_imports/current
  /import.html

38
Causes of our energy crisis

• Overconsumption population growth
• Dependency on fossil fuels
• Inability to switch to cleaner renewable energy
  source
• The incentive to change energy resources is not
  economically advantageous at this point
• Cost of new technologies are high
• Cost of fossil fuels are low
• Lobbyist (i.e. oil companies) slow progress
  within government
• Not acknowledging the problem irresponsibly
  avoiding the issue

39
Effects of our energy crisis

• Global warming caused by the use of current
  fuel source
• Climate change
• Dependence on fossil fuels from other countries
• Beginning to look into other options clean fuel
• Innovations in science and technology
• Some states in the United States are starting to
  take the lead in energy reform California

40
Who is and isnt doing their part in trying to
help with improving energy efficiency?
The key state-specific rankings in the 2010 ACEEE
Scorecard are as follows The four most-improved
states Utah (tied for 12, up 11 spots from
2009), Arizona (18, up 11 spots), New Mexico
(22, up eight spots), and Alaska (37, up eight
spots) climbed at least eight spots since the
2009 Scorecard In general, the Southwest region
demonstrated considerable progress from 2009 to
2010. California retained its 1 ranking for the
fourth year in a row, outpacing all other states
in its level of investment in energy efficiency
across all sectors of its economy. The balance
of the top 10 states Massachusetts (2, holding
steady) Oregon (3, up from 4) New York (4,
up from 5) Vermont (5, up from 6) Washington
(6, up from 7) Rhode Island (7, up from 9)
Connecticut (tied for 8, down from 3)
Minnesota (tied for 8, holding steady) and
Maine (10, holding steady). The 10 states with
the most room for improvement in the
Scorecard Louisiana (42, down one spot)
Missouri (tied for 43, down two spots) Oklahoma
(tied for 43, down four spots) West Virginia
(tied for 43, up two spots) Kansas (46, down
seven spots) Nebraska (47, holding steady)
Wyoming (48, up three spots) Alabama (49, down
one spot) Mississippi (50, down one spot) and
North Dakota (51, down two spots). Source
http//www.aceee.org/press/2010/10/state-energy-ef
ficiency-scorecard
41
Solutions for our energy crisis

• Wind energy uses wind to create energy
• Nuclear energy
• Photovoltaic or solar panels converting light
  into energy
• Geothermal using energy stored within the earth
• Hydrogen fuel cells - automobiles
• Hydropower uses water to produce energy
• Biomass turning garbage, waste, cow manure etc.
  into electricity by burning it to heat water
  which turns a turbine that creates electricity
• Natural gas
• Conservation

42
Video News Report on Energy Summit from Abu Dhabi

• Video http//www.cnbc.com/id/15840232?play1vide
  o1004555244

43
Environmental Concern 5 Water

• Source http//farm4.static.flickr.com/3070/241490
  8852_ca23fb6afd_m.jpg

44
What is the water crisis about?

• If you look at all of the water on the earth,
  only 3 in drinkable and the other 97 is salt
  water. Of the 3, only 1 is easy to access.
• How does the world use water?
• Agriculture 70 Industry 20 Domestic use
  10
• Population growth has caused water withdrawals to
  triple over the last 50 years. We are now
  consuming water from aquifers quicker than it can
  replenish itself.
• The largest consumers are India, China, US,
  Pakistan, Japan, Thailand, Indonesia, Bangladesh,
  Mexico, and Russia.
• By 2030, 47 of the world population will live in
  a high water stress area.
• Water is expected to become the next oil crisis.
• Source Stockholm International Water Institute

45
Background Information

• Humans need ½ gallon of water each day for basic
  survival, yet Australians and Americans consume
  100 gallons per day. (Bloch, M. 2010)
• Australia is in its worst drought ever, the
  population is expecting to jump from 22 million
  to 36 million people by 2050, and they are
  spending 13.2 billion on a desalination project.
  The taxpayers will spend 33 more on water to
  pay for the costs.
• China and the United States face similar problems
  in the future and are increasing the number of
  potential desalination projects.
• Saudi Arabia was the leader but the plant in
  Tianjin, China will push them ahead of the
  Saudis.
• Potable water in the US costs about 0.50 per
  1,000 liters and in Germany it cost 1.91 per
  1,000 liters.
• The cost for treating US sewage so it can be
  released into rivers and streams ranges from
  0.30-0.55 per 1,000 liters.
• Parts of the world currently facing a crisis
  Northern Africa, India, Australia, Pakistan,
  Southeast Asia, and the Middle East
• Sources (Onishi, N. 2010)

46
Causes of the water crisis

• Agriculture 70 Industry 20 Domestic use
  10
• Food production draining rivers for irrigation,
  agriculture, and animals that consume large
  quantities of water.
• Source Stockholm International Water Institute

47
Causes of the water crisis

• Salination of ground water due to poor irrigation
  where salts are pushed through soil and into
  aquifers or seawater encroaches into aquifers.
• Fertilizer runoff and chemical pollution from
  agriculture
• Overconsumption and wasteful use
• Population growth
• Decrease in rainfall
• Rise in temperature
• Evaporation rates
• Soil quality
• Vegetation types
• Water runoff
• Source Stockholm International Water Institute
• (Hun-Dorris, 2004)
• (Pimentel et al., 2004)

48
Effects of water crisis

• Severely effects the biodiversity of aquatic and
  terrestrial ecosystems
• Examples
• Drainage of more than half of all US wetlands,
  which is the home of 45 of all federally
  threatened and endangered species
• In 2002, about 33,000 salmon died due to the
  increased use of the Klamath River as the water
  was used for irrigation
• 90 of the infectious diseases are transmitted
  from polluted water
• Under-production of crops food shortages
• One billion people do not have adequate drinking
  water
• Sources
• (Pimentel et al., 2004)

49
Solutions to the water crisis

• Develop strategies for food and nutritional
  security for all countries which are linked to a
  water resource management system
• Implement a pricing strategy for water that
  better reflects its value
• Improve, upgrade, and invest in water
  infrastructure for better efficiency
• Educate by building awareness
• More research in water productivity increase in
  agriculture
• Source Stockholm International Water Institute

50
Solutions to the water crisis

• Pollution treatment and prevention plans
• Develop the concept and application of benefit
  sharing of water use, including the
  socio-economic and environmental effects
• Water catchments or artificial recharge where
  rain water is put back into aquifers
• Desalination plants does make ocean water
  accessible but at the cost of emitting more CO2
  into the atmosphere
• Desalinizing brackish water costs 0.25-0.65 per
  1,000 liters
• Desalinizing sea water costs 0.75-3.00 per
  1,000 liters
• Sources Stockholm International Water Institute
• (Hun-Dorris, 2004)
• (Pimentel et al., 2004)

51
Video Clip Water Crisis

• Video http//vimeo.com/15990816

52
GE Commercial Reverse Osmosis Desalinization
PlantOpening in Algiers, Africa

• Video http//current.com/green/88710921_water-des
  alination.htm

53
Video Thermal Desalination

• Video http//adventure.howstuffworks.com/survival
  /wilderness/convert-salt-water.htm

54
Is there someone shooting for a creative approach
towards addressing several of these issues at
once?
55
Masdar City in Abu Dhabi is!
56
Goals of Masdar City

• Utilize the geology and geography to their
  advantage
• Geography takes advantage of features instead
  of allowing them to be problems
• wind from ocean during the day and wind from the
  desert at night
• water scarce use water reclamation system and
  desalinization technology
• Geology takes advantage of features for energy
  uses and structure design
• sand lower structure height
• sun photovoltaic energy
• Vision for city to use energy efficiency
  practices with a 3 net gain in energy

57
Geothermal Energy
58
Wind Movement Natural Cooling Agent
59
Naturally Vented Courtyard
60
Reduce Energy Needed for Lighting
61
Photovoltaic/Solar Energy
62
Water Reclamation System
This recycling program will have three streams
1) Drinking water 2) Grey water 3)
Sewage or black waterWastewater from cooking
and bathing will be lightly filtered before being
reused for irrigation. The will also use
desalinization technology to provide Masdar City
with needed water.
63
Waste to Energy
Items which cannot be recycled will be
incinerated using pryolysis. The end result is
carbon, which will be collected and used as
energy.
64
Strategies and How the Energy is Used
65
103 Energy Efficient
66
Addressing Transportation Personal Rapid
TransitAutomated taxi service that will replace
banned automobiles within the city. These are
emissions-free and run on renewable resources.
67
Addressing Transportation Metro and high Speed
RailHigh speed transportation that will move
thousands around the city.
68
Addressing Transportation Light Rail
TransitIt will travel along a vast track with 6
hubs located along areas with high activity to
maximize its use.
69
Masdar City Video
Source http//www.masdarcity.ae/en/index.aspx
70
Resources

• Brown, Lester. Deserts Invading China. The
  Economic Costs of Ecological Deficits. pp. 7-28
• Easton, Thomas. Taking Sides Clashing Views in
  Science, Technology, and Society. Are Space
  Sunshades a Possible Answer to Global Warming?.
  9th ed. New York McGraw Hill, 2010.
• Eckholm, Erik. Desertification A World Problem.
  Ambio. 4.4 (1975) pp. 137-45.
• English, Paul et al. Environmental Health
  Indicators of Climate Change for the United
  States Findings from the State Environmental
  Health Indicator Collaborative. Environmental
  Health Perspective. 117.11 (Nov 2009) pp.
  1673-81.
• Hellden, Ulf. Desertization Time for an
  Assessment?. Ambio. 20.8 (Dec 1991) pp. 372-383.
• Hun-Dorris, Tara. Groundwater Problems Spring to
  the Surface. Environmental Health Perspectives.
  112.3 (Mar 2004) p. 159.

71
Resources

• Le Houerou, H.N. Man and the Desertization in the
  Mediterranean Region. Ambio. 6.6 (1977) pp.
  363-5.
• Le Houerou, H.N. and Lundholm, B. Complementary
  Activities for the Improvement of the Economy and
  the Environment in Marginal Drylands. Ecological
  Bulletins. No. 24, (1976) pp. 217-229.
• Onishi, Norimitsu. Arid Australia Sips Seawater,
  but at a Cost. New York Times. 10 Jul 2010.
• Pimentel, David et al. Water Resources
  Agricultural and Environmental Issues. American
  Institute of Biological Sciences. 54.10 (Oct
  2004) pp. 909-18.
• Stockholm International Water Institute. Let it
  Reign The New Water Paradigm for Global Food
  Security. Final Report to CSD-13. (2005).

72
Online Resources

• Alberni Environmental Online Library. Government
  Solutions to Global Warming. Information obtained
  on 22 Nov 2010 from http//www.portaec.net/library
  /energy/government_solutions_to_global_w.html
• Bloch, Michael. The Cost of Desalination. Green
  Living Tips. (2010) Information obtained on 21
  Nov 2010 from http//www.greenlivingtips.com/blogs
  /138/The-cost-of-desalination.html
• Decision News Media. Over-Consumption is Bleeding
  the Earth Dry. 29 Apr 2005. Information obtained
  on 21 Nov 2010 from http//www.foodproductiondaily
  .com/Supply-Chain/Over-consumption-is-bleeding-the
  -earth-dry
• Kennedy, K. and Cheng, M. Population Growth and
  Society. Information obtained on 22 Nov 2010 from
  http//www.umich.edu/gs265/society/populationgrow
  th.htm
• Kinder, Carolyn. The Population Explosion Causes
  and Consequences. Yale-New Haven Teachers
  Institute. (1998) Information obtained on 22 Nov
  2010 from http//www.yale.edu/ynhti/curriculum/uni
  ts/1998/7/98.07.02.x.htmle
• Masdar City. Information obtained on 22 Nov 2010
  from http//www.masdar.ae/en/home/index.aspx
• Stockholm International Water Institute.
  Statistics. Information obtained on 21 Nov 2010
  from http//www.siwi.org/sa/node.asp?node159

73
Resources (Videos)

• CNBC Video. Green Energy Case Still Strong. 19
  Jan 2009. Information obtained on 21 Nov 2010
  from http//www.cnbc.com/id/15840232?play1video
  1004555244
• Current TV. Water Desalination., 12 Dec 2007.
  Information obtained on 21 Nov 2010 from
  http//current.com/green/88710921_water-desalinati
  on.htm
• Google Videos. Desertization. Information
  obtained on 21 Nov 2010 from http//video.google.c
  om/videoplay?docid3332285257674477144
• How Stuff Works. G Word Water Desalinization.
  Sep 2008. Information obtained on 21 Nov 2010
  from http//adventure.howstuffworks.com/survival/w
  ilderness/convert-salt-water.htm
• Masdar City. Information obtained on 23 Nov 2010
  from http//www.masdarcity.ae/en/index.aspx
• National Geographic. Global Warming 101.
  Information obtained on 21 Nov 2010 from
  http//video.nationalgeographic.com/video/player/e
  nvironment/global-warming-environment/global-warmi
  ng-101.html
• National Geographic. Likely Scenarios if Climate
  Change Continues Interactive Simulation.
  Information obtained on 22 Nov 2010 from
  http//environment.nationalgeographic.com/environm
  ent/global-warming/gw-impacts-interactive/
• Sapiens Productions. Nor Any Drop to Drink
  Teaser. Information obtained on 21 Nov 2010 from
  http//vimeo.com/15990816
• TED. Al Gore on Averting Climate Crisis. Jun
  2006. Information obtained on 21 Nov 2010 from
  http//www.ted.com/talks/al_gore_on_averting_clima
  te_crisis.html
• TED. Hans Rosling Talks on Global Population
  Growth. Jun 2010. Information obtained on 21 Nov
  2010 from http//www.ted.com/talks/hans_rosling_on
  _global_population_growth.html