Chapter Two Trait and Factor, Developmental, Learning, and Cognitive Theories

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Chapter Two Trait and Factor, Developmental,
Learning, and Cognitive Theories
Career Counseling Foundations,
Perspectives, and Applications edited by
David Capuzzi and Mark Stauffer

• Marie F. Shoffner
• Mary M. Deacon

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What is a Theory?

• A theory is an attempt to represent some aspect
  of behavior, much in the same way that a map is
  an attempt to represent some geographic
  territory
• (Krumboltz, 1994, p. 9).

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What is a Good Theory?

• A good theory is a simplified representation of
  some domain constructed so that users can ask
  questions about that domain with an increased
  probability of receiving valuable answers
• (Krumboltz, 1994, p. 12).

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Class assignment

• In groups of 3 4 students
• Create a poster summary of the following
  theories
• 1. Hollands
• 2. Theory of Work Adjustment
• 3. Supers
• 4. Gottfredson
• 5. Krumboltz CBT and Planned Happenstance
• 6. Savickas
• 7. Hansen
• 8. Peavy
• 9. Schlossberg

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List the following on your poster

• name of theory
• theorist
• classification
• core concepts of the theory

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Trait and Factor Approaches
John Hollands Theory of Career Choice
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Trait and Factor Approaches
John Hollands Theory of Personality Types
Realistic Investigative Artistic Social Enterpris
ing Conventional
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Theory of Work Adjustment

• Dawis and Lofquist's TWA
• Work adjustment happens when an individual
  improves or maintains his or her fit or
  correspondence with the work environment.

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Theory of Work Adjustment

• Person-Environment Correspondence (PEC)
• It addresses how environment and person
  correspond to each other.

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Theory of Work Adjustment

• Reinforcement values
• (needs and values)
• e.g., Status, which includes the needs of
  Advancement, Recognition, Authority, and
  Social Status.

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Theory of Work Adjustment

• Satisfaction
• (also includes satisfactoriness as determined
  by the employer)
• Personality styles
• Adjustment behaviors

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Theory of Work Adjustment

• PERSONALITY STYLE
• Celerity
• (speed of initiating environmental interaction)
  
• Pace
• (activity level of interaction)
• Rhythm
• (pattern of interaction)
• Endurance
• (sustainability of interaction),

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Theory of Work Adjustment

• ADJUSTMENT BEHAVIORS
• Individual levels of
• Flexibility
• Activeness
• Reactiveness
• Perseverance

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Values-based Career Counseling

• Posits that values are the primary salient
  characteristic of career decision making, more
  so than individual interests.
• Individual/work congruence is a value-based fit

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Developmental Theories

• Developmental theories provide a framework for
  understanding the unfolding process of career and
  career choice over the lifespan.

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Donald Supers Theory of Vocational Development

• Super assumed that an individuals career choice
  was not merely the result of matching his or her
  abilities and interests to the world of work, but
  that it was an expression of his or her
  self-concept.

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Primary Life Roles
Life role relates to behaviors, motives, and
sentiments more than merely position
Child Student Leasurite Citizen Worker Homemaker Partner Parent Pensioner
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Life Arenas Home School Work Community
Life Arenas Life roles are exercised in four arenas. One role can be played out in several theaters. Life roles are exercised in four arenas. One role can be played out in several theaters. Life roles are exercised in four arenas. One role can be played out in several theaters. Life roles are exercised in four arenas. One role can be played out in several theaters.
Major Life Stages GROWTH EXPLORATION ESTABLISHMENT MAINTENANCE DISENGAGEMENT GROWTH EXPLORATION ESTABLISHMENT MAINTENANCE DISENGAGEMENT GROWTH EXPLORATION ESTABLISHMENT MAINTENANCE DISENGAGEMENT GROWTH EXPLORATION ESTABLISHMENT MAINTENANCE DISENGAGEMENT
Major Life Stages Recycling of stages throughout life, minicycles, or a cycling through stages across the lifespan maxicyle. Recycling of stages throughout life, minicycles, or a cycling through stages across the lifespan maxicyle. Recycling of stages throughout life, minicycles, or a cycling through stages across the lifespan maxicyle. Recycling of stages throughout life, minicycles, or a cycling through stages across the lifespan maxicyle.
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Life Space The constellation of life roles played out by individuals in life stages. Life-spaces differ between individuals because of personal factors (e.g., interests, needs, values,) and situational factors (e.g., family, culture, gender, societal forces).
Life Role Salience The importance of a role. Awareness of which life roles are more or less important.
Lifestyle The simultaneous combination of life roles.
Life Cycle Sequence of life roles.
Lifespan The course of life or maxicycle of stages.
Life Structure The career pattern that results from role salience and structuring of various life roles.
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Linda Gottfredsons Theory of Circumscription and
Compromise

• Theory addresses how childhood influences
  career development and career choice.
• Vocational self-concept begins early in
  childhood and is defined through four
  orientations to work.

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Circumscription and Compromise
Size and Power Ages 3-5
Gender Roles Ages 6-8
Prestige and Social Valuation Ages 9-13
Unique Self Ages 14
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Krumboltz Social Cognitive Career Theory

• Social Learning Theory of Career Decision Making
  (SLTCDM)
• Learning Theory of Career Counseling (LTCC)

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Krumboltz Social Cognitive Career Theory
This theory recognized the importance of
cognitive processes and behavior in career
decision making, and explicitly addressed the
influence of reinforcement and learning on the
career development and choice processes.
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Social Cognitive Career Theory
Genetics (Gender, race, physical
characteristics, specific talents) Environment
(Social, cultural, political, economic,
geographic, and climate) Learning experiences
(Both instrumental and associative) Task-approach
skills (Including work habits, performance
abilities, and thought processes)
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Cognitive Information Processing (CIP)
The CIP approach to decision making and to career
problem solving is designed to help persons make
an appropriate current career choice and, while
doing so, to learn improved problem-solving and
decision-making skills that they will need for
future choices (Sampson, Reardon, Peterson,
Lenz, 2004, p. 2).
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CASVE Cycle
Communication Analysis Synthesis Valuing
Execution
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Social Cognitive Career Theory (SCCT)
Three important factors

1. Person factors
2. Contextual factors
3. Experiential and learning factors

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Social Cognitive Career Theory (SCCT)
Learning experiences shape self-efficacy beliefs
and outcome expectations, and are influenced by
factors such as educational opportunity and
family context.
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SCCT
Self-efficacy beliefs influence choice, actual
performance, and persistence. Self-efficacy
beliefs act as moderators between experience and
career interests. Goal aspirations, and
ultimately goal choices, are influenced by
interests and by relevant self-efficacy and
outcome expectation beliefs.
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Theories of Embedded Career
Blusteins concept of the embedded self
(Blustein, 1994) or the self in relationship with
others and the environment, career, and career
development can be viewed as embedded in the
larger context of social and environmental
interchange and relationship.
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Theories of Embedded Career

• Contextualism
• Ecological Approach
• Sociological Theories

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Psychodynamic Approaches
Psychodynamic theories of career development
focus on issues of ego identity, life scripts,
and life themes and are often extensions of the
theories of Adler (life themes) and Erikson (ego
identity development).
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References
Blustein, D. L. (1994). Who am I? The question
of self and identify in career development. In M.
L. Savickas R. W. Lent (Eds.), Convergence in
career development theories Implications for
science and practice (pp. 139-154). Palo Alto,
CA CPP Books. Krumboltz, J. D. (1994).
Improving career development theory from a social
learning perspective. In M. L. Savickas R. W.
Lent (Eds.), Convergence in career development
theories Implications for science and practice
(pp. 9-31). Palo Alto, CA CPP Books. Sampson,
J. P., Jr., Reardon, R. C., Peterson, G. W.,
Lenz, J. G. (2004). Career counseling and
services A cognitive information processing
approach. Belmont, CA Brooks/Cole.