COGNITIVE

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COGNITIVE SCIENCE 17 Can You
Remember My Name? Part 2 Jaime A.
Pineda, Ph.D.
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HIPPO CAMPUS
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Hippocampus The Seahorse
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Surrounding areas of hippocampus
(Clark, 2006) Perirhinal, Entorhinal and
Parahippocampal Cortices
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Hippocampus Malfunctions

• Severe anterograde amnesia
• Mild retrograde amnesia
• Problems navigating space
• Seizures
• Early Alzheimers Disease

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Hippocampus Functions

• Consolidation of STM to LTM
• Spatial and contextual memory
• Episodic memory
• Declarative memory
• Detection of novel stimuli
• Neurogenesis

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Spatial Navigation
 
 
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Spatial Navigation (cont.)
Time as London taxi driver
Volume of hippocampus
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Age Differences in Maintenance Processes
(Anders, Fozard Lillyquist, 1972)
Age differences increase with increasing memory
set size
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R
L
L
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Rypma, Prabhakaran, Desmond, Gabrieli,
2001 Psychology and Aging
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Parahippocampus Hippocampus
Trace Link
DG
Entorhinal cortex
CA3
CA1
SUB
Postrhinal cortex
Perirhinal cortex
Unimodal and polymodal association areas
(frontal, temporal, and parietal lobes)
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Hippocampal model

• Relating hippocampal structure to episodic memory
  function
• Mode shifting between storage and retrieval
  through novelty detection
• Population dynamics

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Parahippocampal model

• Relates parahippocampal structure to episodic
  memory function
• Sensory integration
• Object Context input
• Retrieval mechanisms
• free recall
• cued recall
• recognition

Hippocampus
Entorhinal cortex
Postrhinal cortex
Perirhinal cortex
Unimodal and polymodal association areas
(frontal, temporal, and parietal lobes)
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subiculum
CA1
Dentate gyrus
CA3
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Trisynaptic Circuit
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Circuit of Hippocampus Proper
Fimbria fornix (to mammillary bodies)
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Hippocampus Cells
Pyramidal Cells
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Place cells in hippocampus map out the
environment
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Place cells respond as a function of external cues
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Activity-Dependent Synaptic Plasticity

• Short-term plasticities
• Facilitation (paired pulse facilitation)
  100-200 ms increased Ca ? increased p(NT
  release)
• Post-tetanic potentiation 5-10 sec
• Depression hundreds of ms few minutes caused
  by repetitive stimulation causing a decrease in
  p(NT release).

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Activity-Dependent Synaptic Plasticity (cont.)

• Long-term plasticities
• Short-term potentiation/depression
• Long-term potentiation/depression

LTP is a persistent increase in synaptic efficacy
that can be rapidly induced
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Bliss and Lomo, 1973
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NMDA Receptor

• Detects simultaneous events (AND gate)
• Gated by combination of voltage and ligand
• Glu Gly opens channel to Ca ,
• Magnesium (Mg) block removed by membrane
  depolarization
• Mediates learning and memory via LTP (long term
  potentiation)
• Involved in process of addiction behavioral
  sensitization, and drug craving

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Learning Induced Changes in Dendrites
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Effects of Increased NMDA Receptors