Domain Monera (PROKARYOTIC): - Archaea - Bacteria

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Domain Monera (PROKARYOTIC)- Archaea- Bacteria

• Chapter 16 Notes

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Bacteria are very small
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This is a pore in human skin and the yellow
spheres are bacteria
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Bacteria are very small compared to cells with
nuclei
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Bacteria compared to a white blood cell that is
going to eat it
Bacteria
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Clean skin has about 20 million bacteria per
square inch
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Evolution/Classification

• Bacteria are the most numerous and most ancient
  species on Earth
• Evolution has yielded many species adapted to
  survive where no other organisms can.
• Bacteria are grouped based on
• Structure, physiology (function), molecular
  Composition and reaction to specific types of
  staining procedures.
• Eubacteria typical germs/bacteria
• Archaebacteria

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Archaebacteria
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Kingdom Archaebacteria Type, Structure,
Functions

• Archaebacteria belongs to the domain Archaea
• (use to be one domain-Monera)
• Prokaryotes unicellular organisms that lack a
  nucleus.
• Lack a peptidoglycan layer
• Have different membrane lipids than Eubacteria
• First discovered in extreme environments

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Three types of Archaebacteria

• Methanogens Harvest energy by converting H2 and
  CO2 into methane gas
• Anaerobic, live in intestinal tracts
• Extreme halophiles Salt loving, live in Great
  Salt Lake, and Dead sea.
• Thermophiles Live in acid environments and high
  temps.
• Hot Springs, volcanic vents

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Chemosynthetic bacteria use the sulfur in the
smoke for energy to make ATP.
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The red color of this snow is due to a blue-green
bacteria
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• Nutrition
• Same as Eubacteria!
• Reproduction and Growth
• Same as Eubacteria!

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Eubacteria
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Kingdom Eubacteria

• Types, Structure, Functions

• Can have one of 3 basic shapes
• Bacilli rod-shaped
• Spirilla spiral-shaped
• Cocci sphere-shaped
• Staphylo in grape-like clusters
• Strepto in chains

SHOW ME
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BACTERIA PICS
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Bacillus bacteria are rod or oval shaped
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Coccus bacteria are sphere or circle shaped
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Spirillium bacteria have a corkscrew shape
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Diplo-bacteria occur in pairs, such as the
diplococcus bacteria that causes gonorrhea
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Staphylo-bacteria occur in clumps, such as this
staphylococcus bacteria that causes common
infections of cuts
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Strepto- bacteria occur in chains of bacteria,
such as this streptococcus bacteria that causes
some types of sore throats
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Gram Stain

• Gram-positive retain stain and appear purple
• Have thicker layer in cell wall.
• Gram-negative do not retain stain and take second
  pink stain instead.

Phylum Shape Movement Metabolism Gram reaction
Cyanobacteria Bacilli, Cocci Gliding, some non-motile Aerobic, photosynthetic autotrophic Gram-negative
Spirochetes Spirals Corkscrew Aerobic, and anaerobic heterotrophic Gram-negative
Gram-Pos Bacilli, cocci Flagella some non-motile Aer/anaer. heterotrophic, photosynthetic Mostly gram-positive
Proteobacteria Bacilli, cocci, spiral Flagella some non-motile Aer/anaer. heterotrophic, photosynthetic autotrophic Gram-negative
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STRUCTURE OF BACTERIA
Structure Function
Cell Wall Protects and gives shape
Outer Membrane Protects against antibodies (Gram Neg. Only)
Cell Membrane Regulates movement of materials, contains enzymes important to cellular respiration
Cytoplasm Contains DNA, ribosomes, essential compounds
Chromo-some Carries genetic information
Plasmid Contains some genes obtained through recomb.
Capsule Slime Layer Protects the cell and assist in attaching cell to other surfaces
Endospore Protects cell against harsh environments
Pilus Assists the cell in attaching to other surfaces
Flagellum Moves the cell
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No Nucleus-DNA in Cytoplasm
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Nutrition and Growth

• Heterotrophic or Autotrophic
• Some are Photoautotrophs Use sunlight for
  Energy
• Some are Chemoautotrophs.
• Many are Obligate Anaerobes.
• Oxygen Death
• Ex. Clostridium tetani Tetanus
• Some are Faculatative Anaerobes
• With or without Oxygen
• Ex. Escherichia Coli
• Some are Obligate Aerobes
• Ex. Mycobacterium tuberculosis
• Temperature requirements
• Some are Thermophilic, Some prefer acidic envmt.

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These heterotrophic bacteria digest oil --
remember oil is partially decayed plant and
animal cells
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Reproduction and Growth

• DNA is circle or loop shape
• Asexual reproduction
• Reproduce through BINARY FISSION.
• Binary Fission is like mitosis but produce a
  COMPLETELY new organism!
• (Not just a new part of an organism)
• Can reproduce and grow very quickly thousands
  of new bacteria within minutes!

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BACTERIAL REPRODUCTION
1) First the DNA is copied
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NEXT THE CYTOPLASM AND CELL DIVIDES

• Then the two resulting cells are split.
• 3) Offspring are identical

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In addition to the large chromosomal DNA,
bacteria have many small loops of DNA called
Plasmids.
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Genetic Recombination

• Nonreproductive methods bacteria can acquire new
  genetic material.

Transformation Conjugation Transduction
Method of DNA Transfer Across cell wall and cell membrane of recipient (Griffiths Experiments with mice!) Through a conjugation bridge between two cells By a virus
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TRANSFORMATION
This plasmid of DNA is new to the bacteria
added by transformation! Produces the glowing
protein
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CONJUGATION
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TRANSDUCTION
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Some bacteria cause diseases and are called
PATHOGENIC.
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Bacteria and Disease
Disease Pathogen Areas affected Mode of transmission
Botulism Clostridium botulinum Nerves Improperly preserved food
Cholera Vibrio cholerae Intestine Contaminated water
Dental Caries Streptococcus mutans, sanguis, salivarius Teeth Environment to mouth
Gonorrhea Neisseria gonorrhoeae Urethra, fallopian Sexual contact
Lyme disease Berrelia burgdorferi Skin, joints Tick bite
Rocky Mountain SF Rickettsia recketsii Blood, skin Tick bite
Salmonella Salmonella Intestine Contaminated food, water
Strep throat Streptococcus pyogenes URT, blood, skin Sneezes, coughs, etc.
Tetanus Costridium tetani Nerves Contaminated wounds
Tuberculosis Mycobacterium tuberculosis Lung, bones coughs
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Helicobacterpylori is the pathogenic bacteria
that can causes ulcers
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Leprosy is a bacterial infection that decreases
blood flow to the extremities resulting in the
deterioration of toes, ears, the nose and the
fingers.
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BOTOX uses bacteria that causes botulism
(spoiled canned food)
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CHOLERA
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DENTAL CARIES
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ROCKY MOUNTAIN SF
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LYME DISEASE
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SALMONELLA
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STREP THROAT
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TUBERCULOSIS
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Common Antibiotics
Antibiotic Mechanism Target bacteria
Penicillin Inhibits cell wall synthesis Gram Positive
Ampicillin Inhibits cell wall synthesis Broad spectrum
Bacitracin Inhibits cell wall synthesis Gram Positive Skin Ointment
Cephalosporin Inhibits cell wall synthesis Gram Positive
Tetracycline Inhibits Protein Synthesis Broad spectrum
Streptomycin Inhibits Protein Synthesis Gram Neg. tuberculosis
Sulfa drug Inhibits cell metabolism Bacterial meningitis, UTI
Rifampin Inhibits RNA synthesis Gram Pos., some Neg.
Quinolines Inhibits DNA Synthesis UTI
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Antibiotic use

• Through antibiotics, many bacteria can be
  killed. Therefore many of the diseases are
  treatable.
• However, many antibiotics have been overused,
  causing bacterial diseases to become more
  difficult to treat. Antibiotic resistance

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Useful and Helpful Bacteria

• Examples
• Producing and Processing dairy foods like
  cheeses, yogurts, etc.
• Breaking down dead organic material in
  decomposition.
• Intestinal bacteria help produce necessary
  nutrients, break down food, and aid in immunity.

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The End of Archaebacteria and Eubacteria Notes!