U.S. History Chapter 18 Notes America Claims an Empire

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U.S. History Chapter 18 NotesAmerica Claims an
Empire

• Global competition prompts the United States to
  expand its influence and territory engage in
  conflicts around the globe, and build the Panama
  Canal.

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Section 1Imperialism and America

• Beginning in 1867 and continuing through the
  century, global competition causes the United
  States to expand

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United Sates expands overseas

• 1906 - Fleet of 16 U.S. battleships sail around
  the world
• Showed the world that the U.S. was a power to be
  reckoned with
• Important step in expanding America's
  international interest

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Reasons for American Expansion

• Imperialism - policy of extending control over
  weaker nations
• - European countries practiced this in the 1700's
  and 1800's
• 1800s - Europeans divided up most of Africa
  competed for China
• Japan joined race for China U.S. decided to
  expand overseas
• U.S. didn't want to do this in the beginning
• - Once colonies ourselves
• - Couldn't afford a war
• Our attitude changed in the late 1800's for
  several reasons
• - Nationalism - U.S. united again following
  Civil War
• - People wanted to be a world power
• - Needed colonies to be one

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Reasons for American Expansion

• U.S developed a desire for Desire for military
  strength
• - Admiral Alfred T. Mahan urges U.S. to build
  up navy to compete
• - U.S. builds modern battleships, becomes third
  largest naval power

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Reasons for American Expansion

• New ideas - Charles Darwin - survival of the
  fittest
• - Social Darwinism - Americans believed that
  their society was superior and would spread
  throughout the world
• People argued the U.S. had duty to Christianize
  or civilize inferior peoples
• - Also used to support racism

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Reasons for American Expansion

• Foreign Markets - people wanted new markets for
  American goods
• - U.S. farms, factories produced more than
  Americans could consume
• - U.S. needed raw materials new markets for
  goods
• - Foreign trade was the solution to
  overproduction, unemployment, depression
• - Began exporting more than we were importing

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Seward and Expansion

• William Seward Served as Secretary of State
  under Lincoln Johnson
• - Tried to gain new lands for U.S.
• 1867 - ordered navy to occupy the Midway Islands
  in the Pacific Ocean
• - Valuable as a Fueling station to refuel ships

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Seward and Expansion

• 1867 - Arranged for the purchase of Alaska from
  Russia for 7.2 million
• - Had trouble convincing House to fund purchase
• - Alaska called Sewards Icebox, Sewards
  Folly
• - Alaska rich in timber, minerals, oil
• Arranged for the U.S. to buy the Virgin Islands
  from Denmark
• (Didn't actually occur until 1917)
• - Also wanted to add the Hawaiian Islands

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The Annexation of Hawaii

• 1790s - U.S. merchants began stopping in Hawaii
  on way to China, India
• Early 1800's - Christian missionaries moved to
  Hawaii to convert the people
• - Yankee missionaries founded schools churches
  on islands
• - Many of the missionaries descendants became
  wealthy sugar and pineapple planters
• - They controlled the government

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The Annexation of Hawaii

• Mid-1800s, American-owned sugar plantations 75
  of islands wealth
• 1887, businessmen force King Kalakaua to limit
  vote to landowners
• 1887, U.S. pressures Hawaii to allow naval base
  at Pearl Harbor
• - Became refueling station

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The Annexation of Hawaii

• 1891 - Queen Liliuokalani came to power
• - She wanted to regain control of the island
• - Tried to remove landowning requirement
• Planters called the u.s. government for help
• Hawaii was valuable refueling station
• U.S. sent marines
• - Marines and planters overthrew Queen

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The Annexation of Hawaii

• Set up an independent republic
• - Sanford Dole named president
• Hawaii asked to be annexed by the u.s.
• - Grover Cleveland didn't want to annex it
• - President Cleveland cannot make Dole surrender
  power to queen
• - recognized Republic of Hawaii

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The Annexation of Hawaii

• 1898 Hawaii was annexed following the Spanish
  American War
• - Congress proclaimed Hawaii a U.S. territory
  under President McKinley

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Section 2The Spanish-American War

• In 1898, the United States goes to war to help
  Cuba win its independence from Spain.

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Rebellion against Spain

• Spain's empire was crumbling
• - Had once controlled most of the Americas
• - Late 1800's - Spain had only a few colonies
• Cuba, Puerto Rico, and Philippines began wanting
  independence

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Rebellion against Spain

• Situation in Cuba interested U.S.
• - Cuba located 90 miles south of U.S.
• - American business interest had been growing
  (sugarcane)
• - Fighting caused trade with Cuba to drop

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Rebellion against Spain

• 1896 - Spain sent General Valeriano Weyler to
  Cuba to crush the revolt
• - He treated the Cubans harshly
• - Put about 300,000 Cubans in concentration
  camps
• - Many died of starvation
• American press told stories about the cruelty to
  stir up people emotions

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Rebellion against Spain

• Two papers fighting for customers (circulation
  war)
• - The World owned by Joseph Pulitzer
• - Journal owned by William Randolph Hearst
• They wrote sensationalized writing stories to
  attract customers
• - Called yellow journalism

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America goes to War

• President McKinley didn't want to go to war
• - He had fought in the Civil War
• Public pressure forced McKinley to take action
  against Spain
• - He demanded that Spain stop its harsh
  treatment of Cubans
• - Spain sent general Weyler home but didn't
  stop treatment
• February 9, 1898 - U.S. recovered a private
  letter written by a Spanish minister named
  Enrique Dupuy de Lôme
• - He called President McKinley weak
• - Spain apologized de Lôme resigned
• - American public remained angry

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America goes to War

• U.S.S. Maine sent to pick up U.S. citizens,
  protect U.S. property
• - The Maine exploded in Havana Harbor
• - U.S. blames Spain
• - "Remember the Maine became war cry

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America goes to War

• April 29, 1898 - President McKinley declared Cuba
  independent
• The Spanish- American War began

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Pacific War

• U.S. entered war to fight for Cuba's freedom
• 1st battle takes place half way around the
  world
• - Manila Bay in the Philippines
• Before war Teddy Roosevelt sent fleet of ships to
  Hong Kong

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Pacific War

• Led by Commodore George Dewey
• May 1, 1898 - battle takes place
• - Filipinos, led by Emilio Aguinaldo, supported
  Dewey
• - Over 300 Spanish killed and defeated
• - Dewey became hero in U.S
• - Bubble gum named after him (Dewey's Chewys).

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The War in the Caribbean

• U.S. only had 28,000 men when war started
• - 200,000 signed up within 6 months
• Teddy Roosevelt picked a group of soldiers known
  as the "Rough Riders"
• - Chose a diverse group
• - Cowboys, N.Y. City policemen, athletes, and
  American Indians

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The War in the Caribbean

• They set sail for Cuba from Tampa, Florida
• - Had to wear wool uniforms (lightweight
  informs hadn't arrived yet)
• - Food spoiled in the heat
• - Men became sick
• U.S. wanted to capture the port of Santiago
• - Had to control San Juan Hill to do this

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The War in the Caribbean

• Rough Riders attacked and took San Juan Hill
• - Didn't have horses (they were left behind in
  Florida)
• - Roosevelt declared hero of attack on strategic
  San Juan Hill
• - Aug. 12 1898 - Spain signs truce

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Treaty of Paris

• August 12, 1898 Spain U.S. signed armistice
• Met in Paris to make treaty
• U.S. shocked Spain at the treaty signing in
  France
• - Demanded the Spain hand over Puerto Rico, the
  island of Guam, and the Philippines (war had
  been fought over Cuba)
• - Spain didn't have any choice
• Spain freed Cuba handed Guam, Puerto Rico to
  U.S. sold Philippines
• Treaty of Paris touched off a great debate over
  imperialism
• - McKinley tried to justify annexation of
  Philippines on moral grounds
• - Opponents gave political, moral, economic
  arguments against

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Results of the War

• U.S. didn't grant Cuba independence immediately
• - Cuba had to agree to the Platt Amendment
• - It gave the U.S. the right interfere in Cuban
  affairs when there was a threat to life,
  property, and individual liberty
• - Cuba had to allow an American naval base at
  Guantanamo Bay until 1999

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Results of the War

• Puerto Rico became a U.S. territory
• Had its own elected legislature and a governor
  chosen by the president
• 1917, Puerto Ricans made U.S. citizens elect
  both houses

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Results of the War

• Guam was controlled by the U.S. navy
• President McKinley decided that the Philippines
  should become an American Colony
• - Philippines wanted independence
• - Revolted against the U.S.
• - 1902 - U.S. troops finally restored order
• July 4, 1946, Philippines became independent

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Section 3Acquiring New Lands

• In the early 1900s, the United States engages in
  conflicts in Puerto Rico, Cuba, and the
  Philippines.

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Power in the Pacific

• U.S. always had interest in Pacific
• - 1853 - U.S. navy landed in Tokyo Bay
• - Led by Commodore Matthew Perry
• He carried a letter from President Millard
  Fillmore
• U.S. wanted Japan to open ports to American trade
• - Carried gifts
• - Made it clear that Japan should not refuse
  president's request

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Interest in China

• U.S. joined other countries in competing for
  control of China
• - Saw China as vast potential market for
  investment opportunity
• France, Britain, Japan, Russia had settlements,
  spheres of influence
• U.S. came up with trade policy
• U.S. Secretary of State John Hay issued Open Door
  notes

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Interest in China

• Open Door Policy - no single country had a
  monopoly on trade with China
• - Notes ask imperialist nations to share trading
  rights with U.S.
• - Other powers reluctantly agree

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The Boxer Rebellion in China

• Europeans dominate most large Chinese cities
• Chinese formed secret societies, including
  Boxers, to expel foreigners
• Boxers killed hundreds of foreigners Chinese
  converts to Christianity
• U.S., Britain, France, Germany, Japan put down
  Boxer Rebellion

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Protecting American Rights

• Hay issued new Open Door notes saying U. S. would
  keep trade open
• Open Door policy reflected beliefs about U.S.
  economy
• - Growth depended on exports
• - U.S. had right to keep markets open
• - Closing of area threatens U.S. survival

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The Anti-Imperialist League

• Several well known Americans opposed overseas
  expansion
• - Andrew Carnegie
• - Mark Twain
• They believed that the U.S. should not deny other
  the right to govern themselves
• Their argument lost as everyone celebrated the
  war victory
• 1902 - McKinleys reelection confirmed most
  Americans favored imperialism

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Section 4America as a World Power

• The Russo-Japanese War, the Panama Canal, and the
  Mexican Revolution add to Americas military and
  economic power.

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Teddy Roosevelt and the World

• Roosevelt didnt not want Europeans to control
  world economy politics
• 1904 - Japan Russia disputed control of Korea
  (Japanese-Russo War)
• Roosevelt negotiated Treaty of Portsmouth
• - Japan received Manchuria Korea
• - Roosevelt won Nobel Peace Prize
• U.S. Japan continued diplomatic talks
• - Pledged to respect each others possessions

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The Panama Canal

• U.S. wanted canal to cut travel time of
  commercial military ships
• Colombia controlled the isthmus of Panama (Best
  Spot)
• U.S. bought French companys route through Panama
• Negotiated with Colombia to build Panama Canal
• - Talks broke down

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The Panama Canal

• French company agent helped organize Panamanian
  rebellion
• - U.S. gave military aid
• Panama gained independence
• U.S., Panama sign treaty
• U.S. paid 10 million for Canal zone

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Constructing the Canal

• Construction of canal is one of worlds greatest
  engineering feats
• - fought diseases geographic obstacles
• - at height, 43,400 workers employed
• 5000 workers died
• Finished in 1914
• Canal cost 352 million dollars

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Policing the Hemisphere

• Roosevelt wanted it made clear that the U.S was
  the leading power in the Americas
• - Speak softly and carry a big stick"
• Roosevelt reminded Europe about the Monroe
  Doctrine
• - It said that the U.S would police the western
  hemisphere
• Added the Roosevelt Corollary - added to the
  Monroe Doctrine
• - Said that if a situation arose that required
  international police power the U.S. would do the
  job

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Policing the Hemisphere

• Later presidents expanded Roosevelt's" Big Stick
  Diplomacy"
• - Encouraged U.S. companies to invest in Latin
  America
• - Promised military support

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Policing the Hemisphere

• Dollar diplomacyU.S. guarantees foreign loans by
  U.S. business
• Latin Americans saw U.S. as bullies
• - Created distrust between U.S. and it Latin
  American neighbors

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U.S. involvement in Latin America

• Business leaders realized they could by products
  cheaply in Latin America and sell them in the
  U.S. (coffee, bananas, and copper)
• Bought large tracts of land
• - Many people lost their land and were forced
  to take low paying jobs

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Woodrow Wilsons Missionary Diplomacy

• Missionary diplomacy - U.S. had moral
  responsibility
• - would not recognize regimes that are
  oppressive, undemocratic
• A lot of U.S. investment in Mexico under
  dictator Porfirio Díaz,
• 1911, peasants workers led by Francisco Madero
  overthrew Díaz (Mexican Revolution)
• General Victoriano Huerta took over government
  Madero was murdered
• Wilson refused to recognize Huertas government

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Intervention in Mexico

• Huertas officers arrested U.S. sailors quickly
  release them
• Wilson ordered Marines to occupy Veracruz
• Argentina, Brazil, Chile mediated to avoid war
• Huerta regime falls nationalist Venustiano
  Carranza became new president

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Rebellion in Mexico

• Francisco Pancho Villa, Emiliano Zapata
  opposed Carranza
• - Zapata wanted land reform
• - Villa was a fierce nationalist
• Wilson recognizes Carranzas government
• Villa threatened reprisals
• - Villas men killed Americans

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Chasing Villa

• Brig. Gen. John J. Pershing led forces to capture
  Villa
• Carranza demanded withdrawal of U.S. troops
• - Wilson refuses at first
• U.S. faced war in Europe wants peace on
  southern border (WWI)
• - Wilson ordered Pershing home
• Mexico adopted new constitution
• - Government controls oil, minerals
• - restricted foreign investors