Week 12 - Professionalism, Hockey and Government Involvement in 20th Century Canadian Sport

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Week 12 - Professionalism, Hockey and Government
Involvement in 20th Century Canadian Sport
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1900-1960

• Era of the Pro
• Prostitute status in 00 to Our Best
• High quality performance
• era of strong sport performance for Cdns

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R Tait McKenzie 32 Ol Shield
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Brothers of the Wind
Joy of Effort
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Hanlan Hanlan Club to promote
Paris Crew promoted themselves
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Louis Cyr promoted himself as entertainer-strongma
n
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Edouard Newsy Lalonde Best lacrosse player of ½
century
Imperial tobacco company cards Issued in 1911
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BA Scott and St Lawrence foundation to promote
and invest her commercial interests
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Jimmy McLarnin ltw (1923-36) retired bec of
skilful promotion
Burns (born Noah Brusso) and pro promotion
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Lionel Pretoria Conacher
Pro in Football, Hockey, Baseball, Lacrosse,
Boxing, Wrestling
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Cdn hopes
King Carl
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Say it aint so, Ben
Bennies Johnson Fastest Junkie on Earth
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Hockey

• History
• Leagues
• International competition
• The monopoly
• The dominant sport
• Marketing violence
• Canadas game?
• The Sweater

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• Shinty
• Hurley
• Shinny
• Bandy
• Montreal 1875 9 men per side
• McGill University rules
• Montreal City Hockey League - 1885

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• AmHA 1886
• OHA 1890
• Lord Stanley Sir Frederick Arthur Stanley
• International Hockey League 1904
• National Hockey Association, 1910
• Pacific Coast League The Patricks
• National Hockey League 1917
• Western Canadian Hockey League 1922

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Taylors salary of 5200 in 09 made him most
highly paid pro player in any sport at the time
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Lester Patrick
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Hockeys Popularity

• 1. Town boosterism
• 2. Commercialization
• 3. Popular press
• 4. International competition
• 5. American Money
• 6. Radio
• 7. Television

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1920 Winter Olympic Games (unofficial)
US, Czech, Sweden 28 for 1 against
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1924 Chamonix, France

• Toronto Granites
• First Round Canada 22 Sweden 0
• 33 Switz 0
• 20 Czech 0

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1924 Team
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1924

• Round 2
• Canada 19 Britain 2
• 6 US 1

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1928 St. Mortiz

• Toronto Grads 3 pools
• Canada 11 Sweden 0
• 13 Switz 0
• 14 Britain 0

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1932 Lake Placid

• Winnipeg

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1936 Garmish-Partenkirken

• Canada-Britain

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1948 St. Moritz

• Royal Canadian Air Force Flyers

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1952 Oslo

• Edmonton Mercuries

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American

• US owners monopoly
• Mobility, pay, playing rights

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Hockey Violence

• The law
• Expansion after 1967
• The Broad Street Bullies
• The Big Bad Bruins
• Don Cherry and the marketing of violence as
  entertainment

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Why?

• Safety valve theory letting off steam
• Intensity creates hair trigger tempers
• Puts people in the seats
• How boys and men learn to understand sport and
  its relationship to masculinity confrontation
  is a test
• Respect from opponents stick work

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Canada Cup 1976 1st time pro hockey players
included in all national teams for best in
the world
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Summary

• Small town, big city identification
• International success expectation national
  identity
• Stars icons of Canadian culture
• Monopoly

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American Gothic ?
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Canadian Gothic ?
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• Hockey has left the river and will never return.
  But like the street, like an ivory tower, the
  river is less a physical place than an attitude,
  a metaphor for unstructured, unorganized time
  alone. And if the game no longer needs the place,
  it needs the attitude

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?
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Government Involvement in 20th Century Sport

• Megan Popovic
• UWO Doctoral Candidate
• Kin 263 Canadian Sport History

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Denis CoderreSecretary of State- Amateur Sport

• Sportheart of Canadian lifebenefits for each
  and every Canadian, for our communities, and our
  countryqualities we value as Canadians
  fairness, team spirit, hard work, dedication, and
  commitmenthard-working, dedicated and committed
  high performance athletes are role models for our
  childrenphysical, mental, emotional, and
  spiritual health and well-beingdevelops
  characterdiscipline and perseveranceway for
  Canadians to get to know each other.

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Intentions of Lecture

• Examine the larger social structure and cultural
  environment in which sport and physical activity
  function
• Look at the potential contribution of sport
  policy in strengthening citizenship and social
  cohesion
• Ask
• Forces and events caused govt action?
• Key Actors?
• Consequences of Actions?

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Citizenship

• On one hand, citizenship is a legal, political,
  and social reality, a distinct way to organize
  and experience membership in a social and
  political community. On the other hand, it is
  both an idea and an ideal the particular way in
  which we reflect upon evaluate this membership

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Contribution of Sport Policy to Citizenship

• 1. Promotion of national identity and minority
  identities
• 2. Attainment of social rights and cultural
  rights sport as common good
• 3. Participation in the life of the political
  community (volunteer involvement)
• 4. Set of moral qualities (civic virtues)

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Question to Consider

• Have Canadian sport policies contributed to the
  development of citizenship?

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Stakeholders

• Athletes
• Coaches
• Administrators
• Educational systems
• Canadian public

• Sport organizations
• Federal government
• Provinces/
• municipalities/
• territories
• Canadian media

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Sport and Rec and the Welfare State

• Welfare State
• the state has direct economic stake in the
  provision of public education, public health
  care, the setting of minimum wage, the regulation
  of profits, pollution and environmental
  degradation, and the development of legislation
  aimed at fair employment practices and equal
  opportunities for all citizens

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• Citizenship Regime
• -a specific form of recognition of certain rights
  that is association with a dominant form of
  legitimate state action and the states
  relationship with society
• -each citizenship regime links to
• - a specific type of rights (R), and
• -a legitimate form of state action (A)

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Period 1930-1945

• Role of state Emergence of welfare state
• Citizenship regime Liberal
• R Civic rights
• A Responsibility for self
• Policy objectives Specific intervention, moral
  reform, employability

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1930-1945

• Pro-Rec program B.C. in 1934
• Strathcona Trust
• Charitable organizations YMCA, YWCA, Boys and
  Girls Club, Rec committees
• Liberal specific state interventions to
  support citizens, specifically youth, to enable
  them to take control of their lives to became
  responsible and productive citizens

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Period 1945-1975

• Role of state Consolidation of welfare state
• Citizenship regime Social
• R Social rights
• A Social justice
• Policy objectives Right to sports, disease
  prevention

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1945-1975

• 5 BX/ 10 BX RCAF Programs
• 5 Basic eXercises for Men
• 10 Basic eXercises for Women
• Graduated callisthenic exercises
• Very widely distributed and sold
• Indirectly government since RCAF
• Note Militarism of Strath Trust, NFP Act, and
  5BX/XBX

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CBC Archives

• 5 Basic eXercises
• Broadcasted Aug. 16, 1961
• RCAF exercises performed for 11 minutes a day
  are ideal for both the champion athlete and the
  modern housewife

• 5 Basic eXercises - Getting Physical Canada's
  Fitness Movement - CBC Archives

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1945-1975

• Bill C-131 Fitness and Amateur Sport Act
• Larger forces and events
• Post-war internationalism in sport
• Impact of television
• Urbanization and industrialization
• Socio-economic changes
• Growth of government

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CBC Archives

• Armchair Suicide
• Broadcast July 16, 1968
• The sudden death rate climbs as lazy Canadians
  sit in front of the boob tube, experts say

• Committing armchair suicide - Getting Physical
  Canada's Fitness Movement - CBC Archives

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PM John Diefenbaker

• Believed success in sport by Canadians would have
  positive effect on national pride
• In the field of sport today there are tremendous
  dividends in national price from some degree of
  success in athletics. The uncommitted countries
  of the world are now using these athletic
  contests as measurements of the evidence of the
  strength and power of nations participating.

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Fitness and Amateur Sport Act 1961

• to encourage, promote, and develop fitness and
  amateur sport in Canada (Canada 1961 Chapter
  59, Section 3)
• that a national fitness, recreation, and amateur
  athletic program be established
• that an Advisory Council be established
• that provision be made through grants and
  training courses for training of personnel and
  for research and surveys
• that federal assistance be given in the
  preparation of informational and educational
  material on fitness, recreation, and athletics,
• that 5 million be made available
• that a cabinet committee be established to
  consider the manner of presentation of the
  national fitness program

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F AS Money Spent On

• Federal-provincial cost-sharing programs
• Grants to sport governing bodies
• Hockey
• Coaching leadership and training programs
• Bursary programs for elite athletes
• Canada Games (Unity through sport)
• Scholarship and research programs

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F AS Act

• Few grants to grass roots level
• House of commons debates through 1960s clear
  quest was for international sport prestige
• they watered the flowers instead of the fields

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Administration of F AS Act

• Administered by National Advisory Council
• NAC interested in mass participation and fitness
• Govt interested in gold medals
• NAC advisory only and always in conflict with
  Ministry of Health and Welfare

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Task Forces

• Trudeau government set up dual study commissions
  in 1968
• There are a certain number of symptoms which
  worry me the fact that hockey is our national
  sport and yet in the world championship we have
  not been able, as amateurs, to perform as well as
  we know we can.

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Task Forces

• 1969 Report on the Task Force on Sport in Canada
• Task Force Report
• Looked at sport in Canada
• Nancy Green 2 non-sport admins
• Concern hockey and international sport

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Task Forces

• 1969 A Report on Physical Recreation, Fitness and
  Amateur Sport in Canada
• The PS Ross Report
• Look at fitness of Canadians and resulted in
  ParticipACTION

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1969 Task Force Report

• Report heavy emphasis on revitalizing sport in
  Canada re performance
• Most comprehensive on Hockey Canada and ways to
  WIN!! (not since 1961 had won world championship)
• Best result Sport Canada, Recreation Canada

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1969 Task Force Report

• Noted how Pro sport had destroyed regional
  competition
• Problems unique to Canada huge geographical
  mass 1000s of rinks apathetic public lack
  of athletic development programs
• Significant and comprehensive report

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F AS Act Contributions?

• Systematized sport organization
• Created a bureaucracy of sport including large
  administration center in Ottawa
• Creation of National Coaching Assoc Canada
  Fitness Awards program set up grants-in-aid to
  athletes program founded Cdn Academy of Sports
  Medicine grants to international sport groups
  and games (ie Olympics)

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F AS Act Contributions?

• Set precedents for provincial government
  programs/services
• Best Ever programs like Best Ever 88
• Became THE control agency for sport in Canada at
  all levels
• Bureaucratized sport one more step in its
  institutionalization

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Period 1975-2000

• Role of state State-Province Restructuring
• Citizenship Regime Neo-liberal
• R Rights based on proven needs
• A Citizen responsibility
• Policy Objectives Promotion of healthy lifestyle

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ParticipACTION

• From 1969 study commissioned by NAC for Fitness
  and Amateur Sport concluded Cdns in terrible
  shape, future of well-beings of Cdns in jeopardy,
  and most Cdns couldnt care less

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ParticipACTION 3 Objectives

• 1. Create a national awareness and educational
  campaign regarding the health and social benefits
  of an active lifestyle, with practical advie on
  getting started
• 2. leverage the public funds invested by
  generating private sector support to at least
  match the public funds
• 3. cooperate with and support the efforts of
  community-based health, sport and p.a. leaders
  and their programs

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ParticipACTION Mass Media Campaigns

• 3 decades 533 television messages and 549 radio
  messages
• Assessed value 280 million
• Supported by 350 TV stations, 110 daily
  newspapers, 950 weekly newspapers, 1100
  magazines, 1100 corporate publications and
  associations newsletters
• Also part of ParticipACTION
• Community-based initiatives
• Education programs
• Creation of resources (healthy eating, work-place
  health and activity, etc)

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Early Years 1973-79
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Theme for 1983-64
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Vitality 1990-95
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Sharing a healthier future 1996-2000

• All in the family video clip

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PARTICIPaction

• ParticipACTION packing it in? - Getting Physical
  Canada's Fitness Movement - CBC Archives

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Period 2000

• Role of state Post-welfare state
• Citizenship regime Inclusive state
• R Social and cultural rights
• Inclusive governance
• Policy obligations Access to sport

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2000

• The Canadian Sport Policy (2002)
• Federal-Provincial/Territorial Priorities for
  Collaborative Action in Sport (2002)
• Bill C-54 Physical Activity and Sport Act
  (replace Fitness and Amateur Sport Act of 1961)
  (2003)

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Final thought

• Funding Canadian athletes An opposing view -
  Funding of Amateur Sports - CBC Archives