HISTORY OF CHRISTIANITY VII. THE GREAT SCHISM

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HISTORY OF CHRISTIANITYVII. THE GREAT
SCHISMTHE OTHER SIDE OF THE MIRROR
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FUA HISTORY OF CHRISTIANITY

• II. LIFE OF CHRIST

ICONS, WEST AND EAST ICONOGRAPHY ICONOCLASMIKON
BASILIKON SIMONE MARTINI THE HUMANITY OF CHRIST
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• THERE ARE THREE GREAT SCHISMS, OR TEARING
  APARTS OF CHRISTS CHRISTIANITY
• 1054 SEPARATION OF EAST (ORTHODOX), FROM WEST
  (CATHOLIC) OVER THE WORD FILIOQUE IN CREED, TO
  BE FURTHER EXACERBATED BY 1202-1204 CRUSADE
  AGAINST CHRISTIAN CONSTANTINOPLE
• 1378 IN THE WEST, ELECTIONS OF POPES AND
  ANTIPOPES
• 1517 IN THE WEST, PROTESTANTS SPLIT FROM CATHOLICS

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• EASTERN ORTHODOXY
• GREEK
• RUSSIAN
• OTHER NATIONAL LANGUAGES

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• OLD ROME OF ST PETER POPE
• NEW ROME OF ST ANDREW EMPEROR
• CONSTANTINOPLE, CALLED BYZANTIUM
• ITS BUREAUCRACY BYZANTINE, FORMAL, HIERARCHICAL
  AND RIGID, SEEKING ITS SELF-PRESERVATION
• IN 1000 LARGEST CITY KNOWN TO EUROPEANS, DWARFING
  MUSLIM CAPITAL OF BAGHDAD, ROME OR VENICE

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LUTTRELL PSALTER ILLUMINATING NORWICH IN ENGLAND
AND CALLING IT CONSTANTINUS NOBILIS FOR
CONSTANTINOPLE
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• ORTHODOXY
• DEIFICATION - LOGOMIMESIS
• ETERNITY, RATHER THAN TIME
• HIERARCHY (FROM PSEUDO-DIONYSIUS) TO EMPEROR AS
  LOGOMIMESIS
• NOT AUGUSTINIAN ORIGINAL SIN
• ALLOWED LITURGY IN VERNACULAR LANGUAGES,
  CATHOLICISM LATIN ONLY UNTIL VATICAN II
• NOT PURGATORY
• SIGN OF CROSS IN OPPOSITE DIRECTION 3X
• EUCHARIST A MYSTERY BEHIND SCREEN, NOT VISIBLE TO
  LAITY
• NOT FILIOQUE IN THE CREED, THE HOLY SPIRIT
  PROCEEDING FROM THE FATHER ALONE

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• ICONOCLASM 726-843
• LEO THE ISAURIAN, CLOSE TO ISLAM
• BOTH JUDAISM AND ISLAM OPPOSE IMAGES
• EMPRESSES IRENE, 787, AND THEODORA, 843,
• RESTORE ICONS, WOMEN AND MONKS HAVING
  SECRETLY SAVED ICONS DURING CONTROVERSY
• LATRIAWORSHIP OF GOD
• DULIAREVERENCE OF CREATED OBJECTS
• HYPERDULIAREVERENCE OF THE VIRGIN MARY

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CHRIST, AND IN THE NEXT SLIDE, ST PETER,
PRESERVED AT SAINT CATHERINES MONASTERY,
MOUNT SINAI, 6th CENTURY
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• PORTRAIT, ICON,
• OF ST PETER
• AT ST CATHERINES
• MONASTERY

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TRIUMPH OF ORTHODOXY843

• EMPRESS IRENE SON EMPEROR MICHAEL
• PARALLEL MARY
• JESUS, HELENA
• CONSTANTINE

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• ICONOGRAPHY,
• WRITING ICONS
• ON MOUNT ATHOS

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• ORTHODOX CHRISTIANITY ACCEPTS FRA ANGELICOS
  ICONOGRAPHY BUT NOT MOST WESTERN RELIGIOUS ART
• THIS DIPTYCH
• BY SIMONE
• MARTINI
• USES ORTHODOX
• ASPECTS

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• ICONOSTASIS
• SCREEN FOR ICONS AS
• HEAVEN WINDOWS
• EUCHARISTIC ALTAR, MYSTERY, INVISIBLE TO LAITY
• IN WEST, USE OF ROOD SCREENS WITH CRUCIFIED
  CHRIST, MARY AND JOHN, ALTAR VISIBLE TO LAITY

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• POPE LEO III, NOT ACCEPTING A WOMEN EMPRESS, THE
  EMPRESS IRENE, CROWNS CHARLEMAGNE AS HOLY ROMAN
  EMPEROR, 800

CHARLEMAGNES CORONATION, LATER MANUSCRIPT
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EMPRESS IRENE
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• HAGIA SOPHIA - HOLY WISDOM
• CHRIST AS FEMININE, WISDOM AS GODS
  DAUGHTER
• PARTHENON IN ATHENS DEDICATED TO PALLAS ATHENA
• DUOMO DEDICATED TO SANTA MARIA DEL FIORE, HER
  CLOAK OVER THE CITIZENS OF FLORENCE
• EVEN DOME OF THE ROCK IN JERUSALEM BUILT BY
  BYZANTINE CHRISTIAN GREEK ARCHITECTS, ITS SHRINE
  TO A HAIR OF MAHOMETS BEARD. IS NOT A MOSQUE BUT
  A RELIQUARY LIKE THE SAINTE CHAPELLE

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• FIRST CRUSADE REQUESTED OF POPE URBAN BY
  EMPEROR ALEXIOS KOMNENOS, 1095
• FOURTH CRUSADE (1204-1300) TURNS AGAINST
  CONSTANTINOPLE, SACKS IT AND SETS UP NORMAN
  EMPEROR BALDWIN,THE BYZANTINES UNDER MICHAEL
  PALAEOLOGUS IN NICAEA RECAPTURING THEIR CITY IN
  1261
• 1274 COUNCIL OF LYONS, MICHAEL PALEOLOGUS
  REUNITES ROME AND CONSTANTINOPLE. THIS BITTERLY
  OPPOSED IN GREEK ORTHODOXY AND CONCORD COLLAPSES
  AT EMPERORS DEATH
• MUTUAL SUSPICION, BLAMING THE VICTIM, SHADOW, THE
  OTHER

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VENETIAN LOOT FROM FOURTH CRUSADE AGAINST
CHRISTIAN CONSTANTINOPLE
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• COUNCIL OF FLORENCE
• PATRIARCH JOSEPH, EMPEROR JOHN VIII PALEOLOGUS
  AND MANY OTHERS PRESENT
• IN 1439 AGREEMENT TO UNION BETWEEN ORTHODOX AND
  CATHOLIC
• BUT CONSTANTINOPLE FALLS TO THE MUSLIM TURKS IN
  1453, RECEIVING NO HELP FROM THE WEST, BECOMES
  INSTEAD ISTANBUL, HAGIA SOPHIA A MOSQUE

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• CHRISTIANITY LOST THE JERUSALEM KINGDOM IN 1291
• IT LOST CONSTANTINOPLE AND THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE
  IN 1453
• IT GAINED FIRST ARABIC PAGAN GREEK CULTURE,
  THEN AGAIN PAGAN GREEK CULTURE, ARISTOTLE AND
  PLATO THE RENAISSANCE

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CARDINAL BESSARION
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• IN 1423 THE MONKS OF MOUNT ATHOS CHOSE TO REMAIN
  UNDER MUSLIM OTTOMAN RULE INSTEAD OF THE LOATHED
  LATIN CHRISTIAN RULE OF THE VENETIANS

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• Tatiana Nikolova-Houston The monks of Mount
  Athos did not have choice.Here is the historical
  evidence from marginalia in Slavic manuscripts
  about Ottomans desecrating Mount AthosDuring
  this year, there was a great distress at Mount
  Athos, because of the desecratio...n of the
  churches by the Hagarians.Menaion 1618There was
  a great sadness during this year at Mount Athos,
  because the Hagarians desecrated two monasteries
  - Kastamonit and Ruzhki. But still, the blessing
  of the Holy Spirit supported us greatly along
  with the prayers to the Virgin Mary. 1618During
  this time, the Turks fought in Crete and a great
  misery occurred all over the land, on both land
  and water, and the most of all to Mount Athos.
  The vezir came in Solun (Thessaloniki) and we had
  to pay many ransom, month of July 12. Miscellany
  1666Lobut pasha when he destroyed Mount Athos
  in the year of 1820, June.Folder with fragments
  1820Then, because of our sins we suffered a
  great scourge by Lobut Pasha and the Arnauts at
  Mount Athos, and by rebells. Mount Athos was very
  close to cease to exist. And all of our leaders
  ran away, and many of our brothers at Hilandar
  shaved their beards, and ran away, and we
  remained only 12 people of us, monks at Hilandar.
  And we suffered a great evil from the Ersovo
  Arnauts, and from the Serasker's people, all
  those who were guards.Then, they took off the
  lead from the chapels and baptismal. And without
  a leader, we suffered a great scourge. Then, they
  burned down the metochs of Kalamaria. In the year
  of 1821. The Godly among the monks, Spiridon, the
  last one tonsured at Hilandar.Oh! Oh! Oh! Pity
  on me the sinful one! The Book of Joseph Flavius
  1821Let it be known when the world was turned
  upside down, and they took the guns from the
  Bulgarians, and all Rumelia and Wallachia were
  destroyed and in Stanbul they killed 84,000
  people, and many people from other towns. In
  Anhialo they hanged Mandaizoru and his son-in-law
  alive until they died. In Tsarigrad they killed
  the Patriarch and twelve bishops with him.
  Whatever they robbed, they took it to Tsarigrad.
  And they destroyed and robbed Mount Athos,
  everything that was silver from the monasteries
  and enslaved many people in Silinishka region,
  and from Wallachia, and many children they also
  enslaved and riches they took in Anadola from
  Wallachia. Kirikodromikon Chronicle of Nikola
  Draganov from Zheravna 1821 Year 1821.
  Archpriest Yoanikii of Turnovo. Then, it became a
  great unrest, and they killed the patriarch and
  bishops of Tsarigrad. And they killed many
  Christians and desolated Mount Athos. Then, the
  Turks took the guns from the Christians. And we
  felt so much fear ourselves. Pomenik (prayer
  list) 1821Let it be known, when violence
  happened, and they killed the patriarch and
  bishops in Tsarigrad, and forced the Christians.
  And they made Mount Athos desolated. And killed
  many Christians and enslaved them. And many
  places were desolated, many monasteries and
  churches were destroyed. Year of 1821. Pomenik
  1821

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• RUSSIA
• 850s/860s KHAZARS CONVERT TO JUDAISM, HEBREW
  BECOMING THEIR COURT LANGUAGE, WILL BECOME
  ASHKENAZIM, SEPHARDIM BEING THE JEWS OF THE
  MEDITERRANEAN DIASPORA, CYRIL AND METHODIUS SENT
  BY BYZANTINE ORTHODOX CHURCH TO CONVERT KHAZARS
  TO GREEK ORTHODOXY, THEY STUDY MASORETIC HEBREW,
  INFLUENCED BY ARABIC VOCALIC ALPHABET, AT THE
  CRIMEA, THEN ARE SENT BY ROMAN POPE HADRIAN TO
  CONVERT THE SLAVIC PEOPLES AND INVENT THE
  GLAGOLITIC ALPHABET FOR THOSE LANGUAGES. THEIR
  ALPHABET BECOMES SIMPLIFIED AS CYRILLIC

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• RUS
• VIKINGS FROM SWEDEN COME TO HOLMGARDE,
• NEXT NOVGOROD
• NEXT KIEV, ADOPTING SLAVIC LANGUAGE, CYRILLIC
  SCRIPT
• BECOME EMPEROR OF CONSTANTINOPLES VARANGIAN
  GUARD
• THROUGH MARRIAGES OF PRINCESSES BECOME CHRISTIAN
  ORTHODOX
• SUCCEED CONSTANTINOPLE AS A THIRD ROME
• WILL BE PRESENT ALSO AT THE COUNCIL OF FLORENCE

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• http//www.vikingrune.com/2008/11/piraeus-lion/
• http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piraeus_Lion
  http//www.necessaryprose.com/piraeuslion.htm
• THESE WEB ESSAYS ARE ABOUT VIKINGS WHO CARVE
  RUNES ON A STONE LION THAT WAS IN THE HARBOUR OF
  ATHENS, THE PIRAEUS, AND WHICH THE VENETIANS
  LOOTED AND NOW HAVE AT THE ARSENAL IN THEIR
  HARBOUR INSTEAD

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• RUSSIAN MONASTICISM AND HERMITS VERY MUCH BASED
  ON THE MODEL OF THE DESERT FATHERS
• SAN SERGIO OF RANDONEZ
• ANDRE RUBLEV

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• TSARS IVAN THE TERRIBLE
• PETER THE GREAT
• CATHERINE THE GREAT
• ST PETERSBURG
• MOUNT ATHOS
• PHILOKALIA
• WITH THE RUSSIAN PILGRIMS TO JERUSALEM

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• COMMUNISM SUPPRESSED RUSSIAN ORTHODOXY BUT
  SECULARIZED ICONS AS HUGE IMAGES OF LENIN AND
  STALIN FOR CROWD CONTROL, CHINA THEN DOING THIS
  WITH HUGE IMAGES OF CHAIRMAN MAO.
• QUEEN ELIZABETH HAD DONE THE SAME AT THE
  REFORMATION WITH IMAGES OF HERSELF AS THE VIRGIN
  QUEEN, SUPPLANTING MARY THE VIRGIN

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• All the immensity,the unity that transcends
  all,is the Holy Spirit,the gift that from the
  abyss spreadsand penetrates alland is of itself
  indivisible and one,filling all things,and
  transforms all into one light.
• No one, no created thingnothing in the heavens
  and on the earth,adores you more,no one knows
  you and admires you more,no one serves you and
  loves you more.Illuminated by the
  Spirit,baptized in fire,whoever you are,lay,
  virgin, priest,you are the throne of God,you
  are his dwelling, you are his instrument,you are
  the light of God.

Don Divo Barsotti, Canticle of San Sergio
1314-1392
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• FIELD TRIP
• BAPTISTERY
• MEDICI PALACE CHAPEL

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• FLORENCES
• BAPTISTERY
• WITH
• BYZANTINE
• MOSAICS

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MEDICI PRINCE BYZANTINE
EMPEROR GREEK PATRIARCH YOUNG
KING ADULT KING
OLD KING HORSE
HORSE
MULE/DONKEY
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CEILING

• FLOOR

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PRINCE LORENZO DE MEDICI
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EMPEROR JOHN PALEOLOGUS
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ECUMENICAL PATRIARCH JOSEPH
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BENOZZO GOZZOLI, DISCIPLE OF FRA ANGELICO
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• NOW THE FIELD TRIP TO
• THE BAPTISTERY, AND
• THE MEDICI PALACE CHAPEL.
• THEN WE RETURN FOR THE
• OTHER GREAT SCHISMS
• I WILL TAKE ROLL WHEN WE COME
• BACK HERE

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• THE BABYLONIAN CAPTIVITY OF THE POPES IN AVIGNON
• THEN THE OTHER GREAT SCHISM
• POPE URBAN VI
• CARDINAL ADAM EASTON
• BISHOP HERMIT ALFONSO OF JAEN
• ST BIRGITTA OF SWEDEN
• ST CATHERINE OF SIENA
• BEATA CHIARA GAMBACORTA
• JULIAN OF NORWICH

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ST BIRGITTA OF SWEDEN
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QUEEN JOAN OF NAPLES, CATHERINE OF
SWEDEN, BIRGITTA OF SWEDEN, LAPA ACCIAUIOLI AT
SANTA MARIA NOVELLA SPANISH CHAPEL
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ST BIRGITTA OF SWEDEN IN A MANUSCRIPT BY
ST CATHERINE OF SIENAS SECRETARY, CRISTOFANO DI
GANNO IN SIENA
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ST CECILIA AT SANTA CECILIA IN TRASTEVERE
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ST AGNES
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ST CATHERINE OF SIENA IN AN ENGLISH BRIGITTINE
EARLY PRINTED BOOK
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FLEMISH TRINITY
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• THE SCHISM OF THE CHURCH BETWEEN CATHOLICISM AND
  PROTESTANTISM WILL BE THE SUBJECT OF THE LECTURE
  AFTER THAT ON THE CRUSADES

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• LET US END THIS LECTURE WITH TWO MODERN IMAGES OF
  ORTHODOXY

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THESSALONIKI, GREECE, 27 OCTOBER 2011
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ARCHBISHOP ROWAN WILLIAMS, ECUMENICAL PATRIARCH
BARTHOLOMEW, POPE BENEDICT, ASSISI, 38 OCTOBER
2011