Foreign and Military Policy

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Chapter 20 Foreign and Military Policy
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The Shape of the Twentieth Century The history
of the twentieth century can be
summarized--excessively briefly--in five
propositions First, that the history of the
twentieth century was overwhelmingly economic
history. Second, that the twentieth century saw
the material wealth of humankind explode beyond
all previous imagining.
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Third, that because of advances in technology,
productivity, and organization--and the feelings
of social dislocation and disquiet that these
advances generated--the twentieth centurys
tyrannies were the most brutal and barbaric in
history. Fourth, that the twentieth century saw
the relative economic gulf between different
economies grow at a rapid pace. .
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Fifth and last, that economic policy--the
management of their economies by governments--in
the twentieth century was at best inept. Little
was known or learned about how to manage a market
or a mixed economy.
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Globalization

• Write a short paragraph about what the term means
  to you?
• Listen to Definition Given By Tom Friedman, New
  York Times
• http//www.lexusandtheolivetree.com/audiolist.htm

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Effects of the September 11 attacks

• Public consciousness about international
  terrorism
• Outbursts of patriotism
• Confidence in government
• Emergence of important fundamental questions
• How to wage a "war" against terrorism?
• How to hold other nations accountable?
• How to act when other nations fight terrorism?
• Does such a war require military to be
  redesigned?
• Reemergence of classic questions
• Do we only support nations that are reasonably
  free and democratic?
• Are we the world's policemen?

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Foreign Policy
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THEME A Foreign Policy As Majoritarian
Politics To many outside observers, democracies
can not apply the firmness of purpose, efficiency
of execution, secrecy, and patience that
effective foreign policy requires.
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Majoritarian politics concerns itself with the
issues of war, peace, and global diplomacy.
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Majoritarian politics

• Perceived to confer widespread benefits, impose
  widespread costs
• Examples
• War
• Military alliances
• Nuclear test ban or strategic arms limitation
  treaties
• Response to Berlin blockade by Soviets
• Cuban missile crisis
• Covert CIA operations
• Diplomatic recognition of People's Republic of
  China

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Interest group politics tariff battles in which
the user of imports as well as their opponents
(workers) are well organized.
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Interest group politics

• Identifiable groups pitted against one another
  for costs, benefits
• Examples
• Cyprus policy Greeks versus Turks
• Tariffs Japanese versus steel

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Client Politics Providing aid to corporations or
American historical support of Israel
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Client politics

• Benefits to identifiable group, without apparent
  costs to any distinct group
• Example Israel policy (transformation to
  interest group politics?)

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Entrepreneurial politics

• Congress the central political arena
• When a multinational corporation is caught in a
  scandal
• Free Trade Negotiations
• Removal of Tariffs/Domestic Subsidies

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Who has power?

• Majoritarian politics president dominates
  public opinion supports but does not guide
• Interest group or client politics larger
  congressional role
• Entrepreneurial politics Congress the central
  political arena

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The Supreme Court has fairly consistently held
that the conduct of foreign policy is a political
question to be decided between the president and
congress.
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The president is commander in chief of the armed
forces, appoints ambassadors, and negotiates
treaties. The Senate approves treaties and
ambassadorial appointments. Congress must
appropriate money to fund military ventures and
it alone can declare war.
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Congressional limitations on the president 1.
Limits economic aid to other countries. 2. War
Powers Act - which requires congressional
approval of any commitment of troops over 60
days. Chadha case - the Supreme Court struck down
a portion of the act that authorized legislative
vetoes to control arms sales abroad. 3.
Congressional intelligence oversight committees
to control CIA activities, including covert
operations
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In times of crisis the public supports the
president. Mass opinion supports war policies as
long as they appear successful.
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Presidential box score - No Declaration of War

• 1801 Jefferson sends navy to Barbary
• 1845 Polk sends troops to Mexico
• 1861 Lincoln blockades Southern ports
• 1940 FDR sends destroyers to Britain
• 1950 Truman sends troops to Korea
• 1960s Kennedy and Johnson send forces to Vietnam
  
• 1983 Reagan sends troops to Grenada
• 1989 Bush orders invasion of Panama
• 1990 Bush sends forces into Kuwait
• 1999 Clinton orders bombing of Serbian forces
• 2001 Bush sends troops to Afghanistan
• 2003 Bush Sends troops to Iraq

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THEME B The Foreign Policy Elite Public opinion
provides support for presidential initiatives in
foreign policy but no specific direction. In
foreign policy, more than in other policy areas
elite worldviews.
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THEME B The Foreign Policy Elite A world view is
a more or less comprehensive picture of critical
problems facing the United States in the world
and the appropriate ways of responding
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Mass versus elite opinion

• Mass opinion
• Generally poorly informed
• Generally supportive of president
• Conservative, less internationalist
• Elite opinion
• Better informed
• Opinions change more rapidly (Vietnam)
• Protest on moral or philosophical grounds
• More internationalist

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Four Worldviews 1. Isolationism - prior to
Munich and Pearl Harbor 2. Containment and
Antiappeasement 3. Vietnam Paradigm -
Disengagement or Neo-isolationism 4. Human Rights
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Isolation paradigm

• Opposes involvement in European wars
• Adopted after World War I because war
  accomplished little

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Containment paradigm

• Reaction to appeasement of Hitler in Munich
• Pearl Harbor ended isolationism in United States
• Postwar policy to resist Soviet expansionism

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Disengagement ("Vietnam") paradigm

• Reaction to military defeat and political
  disaster of Vietnam
• Crisis interpreted in three ways
• Correct worldview but failed to try hard enough
• Correct worldview but applied in wrong place
• Worldview itself wrong
• Requires Complex Cost Benefit Analysis

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Human rights Paradigm

• Clinton had a disinterest in foreign policy and
  his advisors believed in disengagement.
• Clinton's strongest congressional supporters
  argued against the Gulf War but advocated
  military intervention in Kosovo.
• Change in view explained by concern for human
  rights and belief that situation in Kosovo
  amounted to genocide
• Conservatives who supported containment in Gulf
  War urged disengagement in Kosovo

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New Paradigm Disarmament

• The politics of coalition building
• Should the United States act "alone?"
• If so, in what circumstances?
• See National Security Policy of the United States
  at
• http//www.whitehouse.gov/nsc/nss.html

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THEME C Radical Revisionism and American
Imperialism In general, revisionists tend to
place most of the blame for the cold war and
subsequent international tensions upon the United
States. According to them it was America's
inordinate (and unrealistic) fears of Soviet
communism.
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THEME C Radical Revisionism and American
Imperialism They claim American military
strength and diplomacy are oriented toward
protecting those markets at any costs. This view
is contradicted by examples from Vietman, Korea
and Israel.
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Military Policy
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From the beginning of U.S. history the basic
principle has been to ensure civilian control of
the military.
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Waging Modern War

• Interview with General Wesley Clark
• http//www.pbs.org/newshour/conversation/jan-june0
  1/clark_06-15.html

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Military power more important after collapse of
Soviet Union and end of Cold War

• Military force used to attack Iraq, defend
  Kosovo, maintain order in Bosnia, and occupy
  Haiti and Somalia
• Several nations have long-range rockets and
  weapons of destruction
• Many nations feel threatened by neighbors
• Russia still has nuclear weapons

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THEME A - How Are Military Decisions Made The
conventional view of national defense policy
making is that it is an example of majoritarian
politics, with cost and benefits widely
distributed. The rival theory of the military
industrial complex holds that spending for
national defense is the result of client politics.
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Majoritarian or Client

• Majoritarian view of military
• Almost all Americans benefit, almost all pay
• President is the commander-in-chief
• Congress plays largely a supportive role
• Client view of military
• Real beneficiaries of military spending--general,
  admirals, big corporations, members of Congress
  whose districts get fat defense contracts--but
  everyone pays
• Military-industrial complex shapes what is spent

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National Security Act of 1947

• Department of Defense
• Secretary of Defense (civilian, as are
  secretaries of the army, navy, and air force)
• Joint Chiefs of Staff (military)
• Reasons for separate uniformed services
• Fear that unified military will become too
  powerful
• Desire of services to preserve their autonomy
• Interservice rivalries intended by Congress to
  receive maximum information

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1986 defense reorganization plan

• Joint Chiefs of Staff
• Composed of uniformed head of each service with a
  chair and vice chair appointed by the president
  and confirmed by the Senate
• Chair since 1986 principal military adviser to
  president
• Joint Staff
• Officers from each service assisting JCS
• Since 1986 serves chair promoted at same rate
• The services
• Each service headed by a civilian secretary
  responsible for purchasing and public affairs
• Senior military officer oversees discipline and
  training
• The chain of command
• Chair of JCS does not have combat command
• Uncertainty whether 1986 changes will work

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What do we get for our money? 1. Personnel
including pensions - Pensions hardest to
control 2. Big Ticket Items - Cost overruns "Fly
before you Buy" 3. Small ticket items - 435
hammer 4. Readiness - first to get cut 5. Bases
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Personnel

• From draft to all-volunteer force in 1973
• Volunteer force improved as result of
• Increases in military pay
• Rising civilian unemployment
• Changes in military
• More women in military
• Ban of women on combat ships lifted in 1993 but
  Congress to be consulted if ground combat
  involved
• "Don't ask, don't tell" compromise adopted by
  Clinton on homosexuals in military

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Big-ticket hardware

• Main reasons for cost overruns
• Unpredictability of cost of new items
• Contractor incentives to underestimate at first
• Military chiefs want best weapons money can buy
• "Sole sourcing" of weapons without competitive
  bids
• Holding down budget by "stretching out"
  production
• Latter four factors can be controlled first
  cannot

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Small-ticket items

• Seemingly outrageous prices come from allocation
  of overhead,(435 hammer) small run of items
  produced
• Others result from "gold-plating" phenomenon

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Readiness, favorite area for short-term budget
cutting

• Other cuts would hurt constituents
• Cuts here show up quickly in money saved

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Bases Client Politics

• At one time, a lot of bases opened and few closed
  
• Commission on Base Realignment and Closure
  created to take client politics out of base
  closings

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THEME B - Politics and the Future of Military
Spending See next several charts.
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American slowdowns in productivity, chronic
budget deficits, and increasing foreign debt have
militated against the continuing rates of
military expansion. The collapse of the Soviet
Union increased the decline.
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Public Sentiment on Defense Spending, 1960-1998
Updated from The Public Perspective
(August/September 1997), 19.
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Public Sentiment on Defense Spending, 1960- 2002
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Trends in Military Spending (in constant dollars)
to 2000
Office of the Under Secretary of Defense
(Comptroller), National Defense Budget Estimates
for FY 2000.
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Trends in Military Spending (in constant dollars)
to 2002
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Welcome to the Department of Defense
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We are Americas ...

• Oldest company
• Largest company
• Busiest company
• Most successful company

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How we evolved
1798
1947
1775
War Department (1789)
Dept. of the Army
Department of the Navy (1798)
Dept. of the AF
Americas oldest company
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5.3 million strong

• 1.4 million active duty
• 654,000 civilians
• 1.2 million Guard and Reserve
• 2.0 million retirees families receiving benefits

Americas largest company
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Our global infrastructure

• Operates from more than 6,000 locations
• Using more than 30 million acres
• More than 600,000 buildings and structures

Americas largest company
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Worldwide presence

• More than 146 countries
• Some 473,881 personnel overseas or afloat

Americas largest company
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In comparison ...
Budget/
Company Revenue
Employees DoD 371 billion
2,036,000 Wal-Mart 227 billion
1,383,000 ExxonMobil 200
billion 97,900 GM 181
billion 365,000 Ford 160
billion 354,400
Americas largest company
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We hire the best

• Forces Work Force
• High school diplomas 95 79
• Masters degrees 5.6 4.9

Most successful company
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Who we work for

• Chief Executive Officer

The President of the United States
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Who we work for

• Board of directors

The United States Congress
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Who we work for

• Stockholders

The American people
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Services train and equip
Military Departments
Department of Defense Military Departments
Department of Transportation
U.S. Marine Corps
U.S. Coast Guard
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Guard Reserve

• Wartime military support
• Humanitarian
• Peacekeeping
• Homeland Security

All military departments
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Office of the Chairman, JCS
Office of the Secretary of Defense
Unified Commands
Chairman of the JCS
Military Departments
Secretary of Defense
Deputy Secretary of Defense
Chairman, JCS
Vice Chairman, JCS
Chief of Staff, Army Commandant, Marine Corps
Chief of Naval Operations Chief of Staff, Air
Force
Director, Joint Staff
J-1 Manpower and Personnel
J-2 Intelligence (DIA)
J-3 Operations
J-4 Logistics
J-7 Operational Plans Interoperability
J-8 Force Structure, Resources Assessment
J-6 Command,Control Communications Computers
J-5 Strategic Plans Policy
Plans and coordinates
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Unified Commanders
Unified Commands

• Direct link to President Secretary of Defense
• 5 Commanders have geographical responsibility
• 4 Commanders have worldwide responsibility

Secretary of Defense
Deputy Secretary of Defense
Joint Forces Command
Southern Command
Central Command
Pacific Command
European Command
Special Operations Command
Trans- portation Command
Strategic Command
Space Command
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What we do

• Warfighting
• Humanitarian
• Peacekeeping
• Evacuation
• Homeland Security

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Our most important resource

• Its not tanks, planes or ships, its

people
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How the World Has Changed Worlds 5 Largest
Urban Areas (million population) 1000 Cordova
.45 Kaifeng (China) .40 Constantinople
(Istanbul) .30 Angkor .20 Kyoto .18
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How the World Has Changed Worlds 5 Largest
Urban Areas (million population) 1800 Peking
(Beijing) 1.1 London .86 Canton
.80 Edo (Tokyo) .69 Constantinople
(Istanbul) .57
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How the World Has Changed Worlds 5 Largest
Urban Areas (million population) 1900 London 6
.5 New York 4.2 Paris 3.3 Berlin 2.7 Ch
icago 1.7
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How the World Has Changed Worlds 5 Largest
Urban Areas (million population) 2000 Tokyo 2
6.5 Sao Paulo 18.3 Mexico City 18.3 New
York 16.8 Mumbai (Bombay) 16.5
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David GergenUNO ABC BreakfastOctober 2003

• Today, the United States represents 5 of the
  worlds population. It produces 25 of the
  worlds gross domestic product (GDP). We are
  probably the greatest world power since Rome. We
  that power goes the responsibility of
  stewardship. Part of stewardship is listening to
  the rest of the world.

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For more information about this topic, link to
the Metropolitan Community College Political
Science Web Site http//socsci.mccneb.edu/pos/pols
cmain.htmhttp//www.state.gov http//www.dod.gov/

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SELF TEST