AVIAN INFLUENZA AVIAN PNEUMOVIRUS -THE MINNESOTA EXPERIENCE-

1
AVIAN INFLUENZA AVIAN PNEUMOVIRUS-THE MINNESOTA
EXPERIENCE-
Dale C. Lauer DVM Poultry Program
Director Minnesota Board of Animal Health

National Institute for Animal Agriculture St.
Paul, MN April 5, 2005
2
AVIAN INFLUENZA IN MINNESOTA

• 1 Turkey Production State
• Large turkey population at risk
• Range turkeys
• Waterfowl flyway - waterfowl reservoir
• Annual unpredictable introductions
• Extremely costly disease
• Was known as AI capital of the world!
• Minnesota Avian Influenza (LPAI) Cooperative
  Control Program

3
(No Transcript)
4
AI vs. APV Comparison

• Avian Pneumovirus
• 100 morbity 1st day
• Wet rattle coughing
• E. coli mortality
• More severe in younger flocks
• Can be silent disease
• Condemn low if flock is recovered

• Avian Influenza
• Slower onset 2-5 days
• Snick plus sinusitis
• E. coli mortality
• May be mild in young flocks
• Can be silent disease
• Condemn high with inverclavicular airsac

5
AI/APV Biosecurity Comparisons

• Waterfowl Reservoir
• Sparrows Mice infected
• 70 degree survival
• Air Transmission
• Carrier State
• Industry Biosecurity adequate to control?

• AI APV
• YES YES
• NO YES
• WEEK 2-3 WEEKS
• LOW HIGH
• 1-2 WEEKS LONGER
• YES NO

6
AI or APV in MINNESOTA?
7
AVIAN INFLUENZAAVIAN PNEUMOVIRUS

• PREVENTION
• Strict Biosecurity
• Wild Bird Control
• Load out equipment, trucks, personnel CLEAN
• All In - All Out turkey operations
• Strict isolation between farms and ages
• NO partial load outs, Traffic restrictions
• Prompt/accurate respiratory disease diagnosis

8
AVIAN INFLUENZAFACTORS FOR CHANGE

• H5/H7 ability to mutate
• Hong Kong H5N1 chickens/humans
• Italy H5N2 H7N1 turkeys/chickens
• East Asia H5N1 - chickens/humans
• Persistence of H7N2 in LBM System
• USA experience Trade Restrictions
• Occasional introductions of H5 H7 LPAI
• Involves commercial poultry industry
• Import requirement changes

9
Ecology of Influenza
Genetic Reservoirs
H3, H7
H1, H2, H3
Intermixing
H5N1
Commercial, LBMs Others
H10
H1-12 H14-15
H1-2, 4-7, H9-13, 15
Other Aquatic Birds?
H1, H3, H4, H7, H13
H1, H3
Modified from D. Swayne
10
(No Transcript)
11
MN COOPERATIVE CONTROL LPAI PROGRAM COMPONENTS

• COOPERATION
• SURVEILLANCE
• RESPONSIBLE RESPONSE
• EDUCATION
• VACCINES

12
MN LPAI PROGRAM- COOPERATION -

• MN TURKEY INDUSTRY/MTGA
• Sample collection
• Disease alerts
• MBAH MPTL
• Disease surveillance, alerts, investigations
• University of Minnesota
• Research, Education
• USDA
• AGID Reagents, Sub-typing

13
MN LPAI PROGRAM - SURVEILLANCE -

• Processing plant surveillance program
• MN flocks processed in/out state sampled
• Out state flocks processed in MN sampled
• Voluntary Industry collection submission
• 20 samples/flock collected
• Industry laboratory surveillance
• Grower flock observation

14
MN LPAI PROGRAM- SURVEILLANCE -

• If AGID positive.
• Suspect Alert Network Flow Chart
• MTGA, growers, processors, hatcheries
• University of Minnesota
• MN USDA/APHIS/VS
• Samples to NVSL for confirmation
•  When confirmed/typed
• Confirmation Alert Network Flow Chart
• Work to get ALL AI intro. under control

15
(No Transcript)
16
MN LPAI PROGRAM - GROWER RESPONSE -

• Responsible Response
• Increased biosecurity and isolation
• Voluntary isolation of infected flock
• Alert neighbors, servicemen, feed co., hatchery
• Control people equipment movement
• Control access of free flying birds
• No movement of birds with respiratory disease
• Adjust processing routes and scheduling

17
MN LPAI PROGRAM- INDUSTRY RESPONSE -

• Responsible Response
• Elimination of range turkeys
• Controlled marketing
• Loadout crews equipment
• Not marketing actively infected flocks
• Positive flocks marketed end of week
• Rescheduling flocks
• Virus Isolation - Industry or MBAH
• Investigation, advise, and educate.

18
MN LPAI PROGRAM - EDUCATION -

• Research, Epidemiology, Experience
• Discourage range and semi confined flocks
• Control access of free flying birds, waterfowl
• Biosecurity measures to prevent introductions
• People equipment movement controls
• Isolation of infected farms
• Orderly marketing, no processing of sick birds
• Adjust flock schedules
• Grower education
• prevent control LPAI introductions
• Industry-wide educational workshops

19
MN LPAI PROGRAM- VACCINES -

• Allow vaccination of breeders
• Allow vaccination of suseptible birds before
  moving onto an infected farm.
• Promote Avian Influenza Clean programs of the
  National Poultry Improvement Plan (NPIP)

20
(No Transcript)
21
MN LPAI PROGRAM - RESULTS -

• LPAI introductions the past 25 years have been
  eradicated within 6 months
• HPAI - has never emerged from 20 introductions of
  H5 or H7
• Never spread to neighboring state
• Destruction/stamping out - never used
• No indemnity paid or requested
• Losses have been borne by the growers

22
AVIAN PNEUMOVIRUS (APV)WHAT DO WE KNOW??

• Acute, contagious, upper respiratory tract
• Etiologic Viral Agent
• Paramyxoviridae family, Pneumovirinae subfamily,
  Metapneumovirus genus
• Subgroups
• Europe - A, B D, United States C
• Immunosuppressive - Secondary diseases
• Wide host range
• turkeys, chickens, ducks, pheasants, guinea fowl,
  sparrows, starlings, geese

23
1996 - Is APV in Minnesota?

• Minnesota recovering from AI outbreak
• Swollen head syndrome reported
• Reported in Colorado turkeys

24
1997 APV has arrived in MN!

• Severe respiratory disease in turkeys
• Diagnosed in March
• Depression, cough, sinusitis, airsacculitis,
  mortality
• 25 premises positive, 45 flocks positive
• Testing at NVSL
• Avian Pneumovirus taskforce created
• Disease being under reported
• Area control creating geographic
  opportunities
• Contagious nature of the disease

25
1998 - APV begins to spread!

• APV identified in MN, SD, ND
• 30 MN flocks positive
• Processing Plant Surveillance begins
• Disease distribution maps/alerts begin
• UM Research initiatives funding
• UM ELISA PCR developed
• Permitted of autogenous APV vaccines

26
1999 Spread of APV continues!

• 33 MN flocks positive
• UM/BAH risk factor study conducted
• Neonatal transmission issues
• Wild bird reservoir
• Eradication strategies discussed
• Biosecurity levels not high enough
• Limited effectiveness of killed vaccines
• Loss/Control measures for endemic disease

27
(No Transcript)
28
2000 The APV spread continues!

• Plant Surveillance results
• 48 MN, 53 ND, 29 SD flocks positive
• APV taskforce
• Management Protocol/Surveillance Committee
• APV - starlings, sparrows, barn swallows, ducks,
  geese.........
• Goals
• Short termcontrol, Long termeradication

29
2001 Are we making progress?

• 38 MN flocks positive
• Joint USDA/UM Research Symposium
• Discuss different vaccine strategies
• Seasonality of APV
• APV outbreaks in domestic turkeys
• Correspond to wild bird migration
• Spring March through May
• Fall October through November

30
2002 The projects continue

• 43 MN flocks positive, ND, SD pos.
• USDA approved licensed vaccine
• Biomune product PNEUMOMUNETM
• Permitted use began August 2002
• APV Projects continue
• Clinical Signs Reporting System
• CE distribution process complete
• Regional Control Eradication Project

31
2002 - MORGAN AREA PROJECT

• RATIONALE
• Create one functional turkey farm
• Eradication is possible!
• ND, SD, MN
• Common elements to successful eradication
• Entire operation positive at once
• One decision maker to coordinate these efforts
• Well defined farms, isolated from other turkeys
• Complete protection of all flocks, all neighbors

32
Kittson
Roseau
Lake of the
Koochiching
Marshall
Woods
Beltrami
St. Louis
Cook
Pennington
Polk
Lake
Red Lake
Itasca
Norman
Mahnomen
Clearwater
Hubbard
Cass
Clay
Becker
Aitkin
Wadena
Crow Wing
Otter Tail
Carlton
Wilkin


Pine
Todd
Douglas
Grant
Morrison
Kanabec
Benton
Mille Lacs
Stearns
Isanti
Pope
Traverse
Stevens
Big Stone
Sherburne
Chisago
Swift
Anoka
Kandiyohi
Wright
Meeker
Chippewa

Washington
Ram
25 mile radius project area All growers within
this zone invited to participate
Hennepin
Mc Leod
Lac Qui Parle
Renville
Carver
Yellow Medicine
Sibley
Scott
Dakota

33
2003 APV spreads to WI!

• 54 MN flocks positive
• Breeder Hen vaccination recommended
• Pneumovirus Projects
• Clinical Signs Reporting System
• Eradication strategies
• Pooled sample project
• Regional Control Eradication project

34
(No Transcript)
35
2004 APV spreads to IA

• APV status in the Midwest
• 57 MN flocks positive
• APV is identified in Iowa
• Positive flocks in SD WIND negative
• Vaccination not complete answer
• APV levels in wild birds
• Sparrows, gulls, geesesame as turkeys

36
(No Transcript)
37
2005 APV Eradication Project

• USDA APV Eradication project in Minnesota
  develops
• Evaluation of the USDA approved modified-live
  vaccine in a controlled pen study
• Designing and implementing a field vaccination
  project
• Data analysis to determine if a coordinated APV
  vaccination strategy can be successful.

38
(No Transcript)
39
AVIAN PNEUMOVIRUS PROGRAM-RESULTS -

• APV introductions in Minnesota have not been
  eradicated within 6 months
• Has spread to neighboring states
• Destruction/stamping out policy has never been
  used
• No indemnity paid or requested
• Losses have been borne by the growers

40
AVIAN INFLUENZAAVIAN PNEUMOVIRUSThe Future-

• Can we eradicate these diseases?
• How do we need to look at AI/APV?
• Do we need to look at APV differently?

41
HERES A PAIR OF HAPPY DUCKS. WE CAN ALL BE
HAPPY DUCKS IF WE KEEP AI/APV OUT OF OUR FLOCKS!