Chapters 30-31: The Great Depression, World War II, and Decolonization

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Chapters 30-31 The Great Depression, World War
II, and Decolonization

• AP World History
• Mr. Bartula

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The 1920s Temporary Prosperity

• Optimism and prosperity in the 1920s led many to
  hope that large scale conflict could be avoided.
• This hope ended abruptly in October, 1929, with
  the onset of the Great Depression.

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The Great Depressions Causes

• After effects of World War I
• Overproduction
• Tariffs and other trade barriers
• Stock market crash
• Bank failures in the US and other countries

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The Great Depression (1929-1941)
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The New York Stock Exchange in October, 1929
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Bank Failures
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The Dust Bowl
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Responses to the Great Depression

• The enormous economic decline led many western
  governments to take greater control over their
  nations economies.
• Many saw the Depression as evidence that
  democratic governments and capitalism were
  incapable of solving problems or meeting the
  needs of modern society.

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US reaction to the Depression

• Under President Franklin D. Roosevelt the US
  enacted a reform program known as the New Deal.
• The New Deal expanded government powers and
  regulated the US economy more closely than ever
  before.
• Programs such as Social Security were designed to
  help Americans through the worst effects of the
  Great Depression and, it was hoped, prevent
  another.

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Western European Reactions

• Social Democratic governments were elected in
  Scandinavia. They were socialist but democratic.
• In England, the Labour Party took power
• Frances government was led by the Popular Front,
  a mixture of socialist and moderate parties.
• These governments attempted to help end the
  Depression by taking more power over their
  economies

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The Soviet Union

• Because its economy was independent and did not
  depend on external trade, the Soviet Union had
  few economic troubles during the 1930s.
• Joseph Stalin boasted that this demonstrated the
  superiority of socialism over capitalism, and
  some Westerners agreed.
• Stalins Five Year Plans and focus on heavy
  industry and militarization made the Soviet Union
  a powerful force.

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Japan

• Japan had fought on the Allied side during World
  War I, but was disappointed with its treatment by
  the other powers afterwards.
• By the 1930s, military leaders or warlords had
  taken power.
• Japan began to construct the Greater East Asia
  Co-Prosperity Sphere, promising Asia for the
  Asiatics.

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Germany

• After World War I Germanys economy was
  devastated, its territory shrunken, and its
  military force depleted.
• Many Germans felt their country had been badly
  treated by the Treaty of Versailles, and were
  eager for revenge.
• The Great Depression made Germanys situation
  worse, and many Germans looked to new leadership.

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The German Mark
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The German Mark
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The Stabbed-in-the-Back Theory
Disgruntled German WWI veterans
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Adolf Hitler

• Born 1889, Austria
• Obsessed with German racial superiority
• Anti-Semitic
• World War I veteran, took leadership of the
  National Socialist German Workers Party (Nazi)
  in early 1920s
• Attempted to seize power in 1923, but was
  imprisoned.
• Wrote Mein Kampf
• Appointed Chancellor after Nazis won the German
  elections in January, 1933.

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The Third Reich

• By 1934 Hitler had taken total power and become
  Der Fuhrer, or The Leader of Germany
• He began to remilitarize Germany in defiance of
  the Versailles Treaty.
• Anti-Semitic Decrees first separated the Jews
  from the Germans, then began to limit their
  rights, eventually leading to the Holocaust.

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Nazi Propaganda
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Anti-Semitism
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The Road to World War II

• Many point to the Japanese invasion of Manchuria
  in Northern China in 1931 as the true beginning
  of World War II.
• During the 1930s, Mussolinis Italy invaded and
  conquered Ethiopia, Japan continued to invade and
  conquer China, and Germany made aggressive moves
  towards war
• The Spanish Civil War of 1936-1938 was another
  omen of greater conflicts to come.

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Guernica by Pablo Picasso
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Germany Invades the RhinelandMarch 7, 1936
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The Austrian Anschluss, 1938
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The Japanese Invasionof China, 1937
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The Problem of theSudetenland
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Appeasement The Munich Agreement, 1938
British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain
Now we have peace in our time! Herr Hitler is a
man we can do business with.
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Rome-Berlin Axis, 1939
The Pact of Steel
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The Nazi-SovietNon-Aggression Pact, 1939
Foreign Ministers von Ribbentrop Molotov
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Poland Attacked Sept. 1, 1939
Blitzkrieg Lightning War
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The Phony War EndsSpring, 1940
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Rome-Berlin-Tokyo AxisThe Tripartite
PactSeptember, 1940
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Lend-Lease
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Battle of BritainThe Blitz
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British Prime Minister Winston Churchill
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Operation BarbarossaHitlers Biggest Mistake
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Pearl Harbor
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Pearl Harbor - Dec. 7, 1941
A date which will live in infamy!
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Pacific Theater of Operations
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Allied Counter-OffensiveIsland-Hopping
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Island-Hopping US Troops on Kwajalien Island
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Battle of Midway IslandJune 4-6, 1942
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Axis Powers in 1942
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Battle of StalingradWinter of 1942-1943
German Army Russian Army
1,011,500 men 1,000,500 men
10,290 artillery guns 13,541 artillery guns
675 tanks 894 tanks
1,216 planes 1,115 planes
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The Italian Campaign Operation Torch
Europes Soft Underbelly

• Allies plan assault on weakest Axis area - North
  Africa - Nov. 1942-May 1943
• George S. Patton leads American troops
• Germans trapped in Tunisia - surrender over
  275,000 troops.

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D-Day (June 6, 1944)
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Normandy Landing (June
6, 1944)
German Prisoners
Higgins Landing Crafts
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The Liberation of ParisAugust 25, 1944
De Gaulle in Triumph!
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The Battle of the BulgeHitlers Last Offensive
Dec. 16, 1944toJan. 28, 1945
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US Russian Soldiers Meet at the Elbe River
April 25, 1945
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Horrors of the Holocaust Exposed
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Horrors of the Holocaust Exposed
Entrance to Auschwitz
Crematoria at Majdanek
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Horrors of the Holocaust Exposed
Slave Labor at Buchenwald
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Horrors of the Holocaust Exposed
Mass Graves at Bergen-Belsen
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Hitler Commits Suicide April 30, 1945
Cyanide Pistols
The Führers Bunker
Mr. Mrs. Hitler
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V-E Day (May 8, 1945)
General Keitel
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Japanese Kamikaze PlanesThe Scourge of the
South Pacific
Kamikaze Pilots
Suicide Bombers
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US Marines on Mt. Suribachi,Iwo Jima Feb. 19,
1945
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The Manhattan ProjectLos Alamos, NM
I am become death, the shatterer of worlds!
Major GeneralLesley R. Groves
Dr. Robert Oppenheimer
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Hiroshima August 6, 1945

• 70,000 killed immediately.
• 48,000 buildings. destroyed.
• 100,000s died of radiation poisoning cancer
  later.

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Nagasaki August 9, 1945

• 40,000 killed immediately.
• 60,000 injured.
• 100,000s died ofradiation poisoning cancer
  later.

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Japanese A-Bomb Survivors
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End of the War (September 2, 1945)
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V-J Day in Times Square, NYC
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The Bi-Polarization of Europe The Beginning of
the Cold War
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The Division of Germany1945 - 1990
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The Creation of the U. N.
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The Emergence of Third World Nationalist Movements
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The De-Colonization of European Empires
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India Gains Independence

• Between World Wars I and II, agitation for Indian
  independence increased.
• Mohandas K. Gandhi continued to advocate
  satyagraha nonviolent noncooperation or passive
  resistance
• During World War II the Indian National Congress
  led the Quit India movement
• The Muslim League advocated cooperation with the
  British war effort.

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Jawaharlal Nehru leader of Congress
1889 - 1964
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Mohammed Ali Jinnah leader of the Muslim League
1876 - 1948
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Gandhi spinning cloth
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Gandhi and His Granddaughters, 1947
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Pre-Partition
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Last Viceroy of India
Lord and Lady Mountbatten
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Partition!
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Border problems
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Kashmir Crisis
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Jawarharlal Nehru

• Ally of Gandhi.
• 1st Prime Minister of India, 1947-1964.
• Advocated Industrialization.
• Promoted Green Revolution.
• Mixed Economy.
• Nonaligned Movement.

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Indira Gandhi

• Nehrus daughter.
• Prime Minister of India, 1966-1984.
• Continues Nehrus policies.
• Faced corruption charges internal rebellion.
• Assassinated in 1984.

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Indira Gandhi with sons Sanjay and Rajiv
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Rajiv Gandhi

• Indiras son.
• Prime Minister of India, 1984-1989.
• Some reform of economy and government.
• Also faced rebellion.
• Assassinated in 1991 while campaigning.

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Sonia, Rahul, and Priyanka Gandhi The next
generations
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Pakistan

• Led briefly by Muhammad Ali Jinnah.
• Prime Minister Ayub Khan.
• Dangerous combination
• Was not prepared to rule in 1948.
• Strong Islamic fundamentalism.
• Impoverished.
• Pakistan divides in 1972
• W. Pakistan Pakistan
• E. Pakistan Bangladesh

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Benazir Bhutto

• First Woman Prime Minister, 1988
• Ousted in 1990, 1993 on corruption charges.
• Assassinated Dec.27, 2007
• Nawaz Sharif
• Ousted three times.
• Struggle between modernizers and fundamentalists.

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Gen. Pervez Musharaff

• Coup detat.
• Secular government against Islamic
  fundamentalists.
• U.S. ally in the War on Terror.

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India-Pakistan Border Disputes
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1971 India-Pakistan War
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2002 Military Statistics
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2002 Nuclear Statistics
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Partners in the War on Terror?
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What title would you give this political cartoon?
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Decolonization in Africa and Asia

• After World War II nationalist demands for
  independence increased in the colonies
• Western nations were no longer strong enough to
  maintain control of their empires
• Some European countries managed to end their
  empires peacefully. The Dutch pulled out of
  Indonesia in 1948. The British turned their
  Empire into the British Commonwealth of Nations
• France struggled to maintain its empire and
  fought a series of conflicts in Algeria and
  Indochina before finally pulling out.
• By the mid-1960s most of Africa was independent.
  The last European nation to give up its colonies
  was Portugal in 1980.

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The Four Worlds

• First World industrialized liberal democracies
  with market economies
• Second World dictatorships with Marxist command
  economies
• Third World non-aligned nations (post- Cold War
  developing nations)
• Fourth World non-self-supporting nations
  dependent on the First and Second Worlds

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Non-Settler vs Settler Colonies Patterns of
Decolonization

• Colonies which had few European settlers were
  allowed to gain independence quickly
• Kwame Nkrumah practiced passive resistance and
  economic boycotts in Ghana.
• By 1960 the British had pulled out and granted
  independence.

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Non-Settler vs Settler Colonies Patterns of
Decolonization

• Kenya was a colony with a substantial population
  of British citizens. During the 1950s and early
  1960s, Jomo Kenyatta led a guerrilla war style
  conflict against the British. The British called
  this the Mau Mau Rebelliion, the Kenyans refer to
  it as their war for independence.
• In 1965 Britain pulled out of Kenya. Kenyatta
  became President, and Kenya has had fairly good
  racial relations since

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White Resistance to African Independence.

• Rhodesia, ruled by a white minority, seceded from
  the Commonwealth in 1965 rather than accept
  majority rule.
• In 1980, it returned to the Commonwealth,
  accepted majority rule, and became Zimbabwe.
• Until the late 1990s, it also had good race
  relations
• President Robert Mugabe has encouraged
  confiscation of white owned land and businesses
  and terrorism against white residents.

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White Resistance to African Independence.

• South Africas apartheid regime remained in power
  until the early 1990s.
• Brutal laws mandated racial segregation and other
  restrictions.
• In 1994, Nelson Mandela, an anti-apartheid
  leader, was elected the first majority-rule
  President of South Africa.

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Problems of the new African nations

• Lack of an infrastructure and middle class
• Little or no industry and technology
• Artificial borders dating from the colonial
  period, with no recognition of historic and
  cultural differences
• Democratic governments were often overthrown and
  replaced with military dictatorships.
• Neocolonialism meant continued economic
  dependence on the West

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Nigeria Colonial borders creating conflict

• Oil rich nation with large population
• Former British colonial borders include many
  different hostile ethnic and tribal groups.
• Religious differences Muslim north, Christian
  south.
• Worst conflict Late 1960s, the Ibo tribe
  attempted to form separate nation of Biafra. This
  led to a two year long civil war.

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The Middle East after World War II

• Most Arab nations became independent during or
  shortly after World War II
• In 1948, the nation of Israel was established,
  supported by the United Nations, the United
  States, and the Soviet Union.
• War broke out as Israels Arab neighbors
  attempted to destroy the new country. Israel
  defeated the Arabs and expanded its territory.
• Palestinian refugees became an immediate and
  lasting problem

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Palestine Population in 1946
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U. N. Partition Plan of 1947
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Israel Becomes a NationMay 14, 1948
David Ben-Gurion,1st Prime Minister
Chaim Weizmann,1st President
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War Begins! May 15, 1948
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Arab Refugees, 1948
The Palestinian Diaspora begins!
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Armistice Sig n e d, 1949
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Israeli-Arab Conflicts Since 1948

• 1956 Suez Crisis
• 1967 Six Day War
• 1973 Yom Kippur War
• 1987-Present Palestinian Intifada
• Camp David Accord 1979
• Oslo Agreement 1994