HY 532

1

• HY 532
• S?st?µata ???s?p???? ?p??????????
• ?p?st???? ??a?a??t??
• ???t?ta 4
• E-mail tragani_at_csd.uoc.gr
• ???. 0810 393553
• S?µe??se?? st? www.csd.uoc.gr/hy532
•  

2
?e??????

• S??p?? a?t?? t?? e??t?ta? e??a?
• ? pa???s?as? t?? ßas???? st???e??? t?? e????a?
  t?? ???e??e?d??? ?a????? µ?a? pe?????? ?a?
• ? a?apt??? t?? s?ese?? p?? ?a???????? t??
  ?ata??µ? t?? ?a?a???? st?? ???e?e? t??
  ???e??e?d??? s?st?µat??
• ?e??e??µe?a
• ? ???e??e?d?? ?a????
• ????t???t?ta (capacity) ?a? µetap?µp? (handoff)
• S???a?a??s? (trunking)

3
?as??e? e????e?

• ?a p??ta s?st?µata ????t?? t??ef???a? de? ?ta?
  ???e??e?d?. G?a t?? ?a???? µ?a? µe?a??? pe??????
  ??e?a??ta? e?a? ?s????? p?µp?? ?a? µ?a ?e?a?a se
  ????? µe???. ?e? ????ta? epe?a???s?µ?p???s?
  s????t?t??. ??t? e??e sa? ap?te?esµa p??? µ????
  ????t???t?ta
• ? ?dea t?? ???e??e?d??? s?st?µat?? p??e???e ap?
  t?? a?a??? epe?tas?? t?? ?ad??t??ef??????
  s?st?µat?? ??a t?? ?a???? t?? a???µe??? ??t?s??,
  ? ?p??a de? µp????se ?a ??a??p????e? ap?a pa?a
  µ??? µe µe t?? ???s?µ?p???s? p??s?et?? fasµat??
  s????t?t??
• ???e??e?d?? ?a???? ??t??atastas? t?? µe?a???
  p?µp?? µe p?????? µ????te????. Ge?t?????? sta?µ??
  ßas?? ?e?t??????? µe d?af??et??e? ?µade?
  ?a?a???? (s????t?t??). ? ????t???t?ta µp??e? ?a
  a????e? µe ep?p??s?et? d?aµe??sµ? t?? fasµat??
  ?a? t?? pe??????.

4
System 1
System 2
d
d
Low cost base-stations covering a small area
High cost base-stations covering a large area
5
H ?as??? ?dea

• S??des? st? e?s??µat? d??t?? µe µ?a µ??? as??µat?
  ?e??? (Single hop)
• ? ????? d?a??e?ta? se ?e??a ??tta?a (cells)
• ??a? sta?µ?? ßas?? (base station) a?a?aµßa?e?
  t?? as??µat? ep????????a µe t??? ???ste? µesa se
  e?a ?e?? (cell)
• ?? ?????µe??? ???ste? µp????? ?a a??a???? ?e??a
  e?? ep??????????
• ?etap?µp? (Hand-off) ?aµßa?e? ???a ?ta? e?a?
  ?????µe??? ???st?? a????e? ?a ep???????e? µes?
  e??? ?e?? sta?µ?? ßas??
• ?a?a???te? p?? ???µ????? t? µe?e??? t?? ?e????
• ????µ?? ???st?? p?? p?epe? ?a ?p?st????????
• ?e???????e? p???p?e??a? ?a? e?p?µp?? (d?aµ??f?s?,
  ??d???p???s? ?.?.p)

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? ???e??e?d?? ?a????

• ?e?????sµe?? e???? fasµat?? gt pe?????sµe???
  a???µ?? ?a?a????
• ?eµ???µe??? sta?µ?? ßas?? µe?a??? ?s???? gt
  pe?????sµe??? a???µ?? ???st??
• ?????te?a ?e??a gt d??at?t?ta epa???s?µ?p???s??
  s????t?t?? gt µe?a??te??? a???µ?? ???st??
• ?? sta?µ?? ßas?? (BS) ep?t???a???? p???p?e??a µe
  d?a??es? ?????
• ?a?e BS ?a??pte? µ?a s???e???µe?? ?e???af???
  pe????? (cell)
• ?a?e BS ???s?µ?p??e? e?a µe??? t?? s????????
  a???µ?? t?? d?a?es?µ?? ?a?a????
• S?stada (Cluster) ?µada ?e?t?????? BSs p?? ????
  µa?? ???s?µ?p????? ??a ta d?a?es?µa ?a?a??a
• ?? ?????µe??? ???ste? ep?????????? µ??? µes? t??
  BS
• FDMA, TDMA, CDMA µp??e? ?a ???s?µ?p?p????e? µesa
  se e?a ?e??
• ?a??? a??a?e? ? ??t?s? (d??ad? ??e?a???ta?
  pe??ss?te?a ?a?a??a)
• ?? µe?e??? t?? ?e???? µ???a??e?
• ? a???µ?? t?? sta?µ?? ßas?? ??a t?? ?a????
  ???sµ???? pe?????? a??a?e?
• ? ?s??? e?p?µp?? e?att??eta? ?ata????a ?ste ?a
  ap?fe????ta? ?? pa?eµß??e?

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? ???e??e?d?? ?a????

• ??tta?? ? ???e?? ? ?e?? (Cell) µ?a ?e???af???
  pe????? p?? ?a??pteta? ap? e?a B.S.
• ?pa?a???s?µ?p???s? s????t?ta? (frequency reuse)
  t? s?ed?? ?ata??µ?? t?? s????t?t?? t?? ?a?a????
  st??? ?.S
• G?a ?????? e?????a?, ta ??tta?a ape????????ta?
  µe e?a?????? s??µa. ?? e?a???? e??a? e?a ap? ta
  ap???ste?a s??µata µe t? ?p??? µp????µe ?a
  ??f??- ?et?s??µe µ?a ep?fa?e?a.
• St?? p?a??, ta ??tta?a de? e??a? e?a???a ?a? ??
  sta?µ?? ßas?? de? t?p??et???ta? pa?t?te st?
  ?e?t?? t?? ??tta???.

Te???t??? d?a??aµµa ?a?????
??a?µat??? d?a??aµµa ?a?????
???e??e?de? p?e?µa ??tta???
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? ???e??e?d?? ?a????

• ?e?e??? ?e????
• 100 m st?? p??e?? ?a? e?? 35 km st?? ?pa????
  (GSM)
• ???µa µ????te?a st?? ?????te?e? s????t?te?
• ?e?? ?µp?e??a (Umbrella cell) µe?a?? ?e?? p??
  ?a??pte? p???a µ????te?a
• ?p?f??? s????? µetap?µp?? (handoffs) ??a ??????a
  ?????µe???? ???ste?
• ???f? ?e????
• ?? e?a?????? e??a? ???s?µ? ??a ?e???t??e?
  a?a??se??
• St?? p?a?? ? pe????? ?a????? (footprint) e?e?
  a?a????st? µ??f?
• ??p??et?s? t?? sta?µ?? ßas??
• ???ta st? ?e?t?? t?? ?e????
• ???s?µ?p?????ta? pa??ate????t??e? ?e?a?e?
  (omnidirectional)
• Sta?µ?? ßas?? st?? t?e?? ap? t?? e?? ????fe? t??
  e?a?????
• ?e?a?e? t?µea??? ?a????? (sectored directional
  antennas)

9
?e?? ?µp?e??a
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? ???e??e?d?? ?a????

• ??e??e?t?µata
• ?e?a??te?? ????t???t?ta, µe?a??te??? a???µ??
  ???st??
• ?????te?? ?s??? e?p?µp??
• ?e?a??te?? e???st?a t?? s?st?µat?? ????
  ap??e?t??s??
• ? sta?µ?? ßas?? a?t?µet?p??e? t?? pa?eµß??e? ?a?
  ta p??ß??µata t?? pe?????? t?? t?p??a
• ???ß??µata
• ??e?a?eta? sta?e?? d??t?? ??a t?? d?as??des? t??
  sta?µ?? ßas??
• ?pa?a?t?t? ? µetap?µp? (handoff)
• ??????pa?eµß??e? µeta?? t?? ?e???? s???a?a????,
  ?e?t?????? ?a?a????
• S?µa?t??a ??t?µata
• ?? µe?e??? t?? ?e????
• ?? s?ed?? epa?a???s?µ?p???s?? t?? s????t?t??
• ?? st?at????e? ?ata??µ?? t?? ?a?a????
• ?e????? st???? ???spa?e?a ??a t?? µe??st?p???s?
  t?? d?a?es?µ?t?ta? ?a?a???? se µ?a pe?????

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????te?t????? ???e??e?d?? s?st?µat??

• ?a?e ?e?? e??p??ete?ta? ap? e?a? sta?µ? ßas??
  (BS)
• ?a?e BS s??deeta? se e?a ????t? ?e?t?? µeta?????
  (mobile switching center - MSC) µes? sta?e???
  d??t???
• ?a?e MSC s??deeta? µe a??a MSCs ?a? µe t? PSTN

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????te?t????? ???e??e?d?? s?st?µat??

• ?a?e MSC e??a? e?a? t?p???? µeta???ea? ???se?? ?
  ?p????
• ?eta?e? e?a? ?????µe?? ???st? ap? e?a? sta?µ?
  ßas?? se e?a? a???
• ??t?p??e? t? t?e??? ?e?? st? ?p??? e??a? e?a?
  ???st??
• Home Location Register (HLR) ßas? ded?µe??? ?p??
  ?ata??afeta? t? t?e??? ?e?? t?? ?a?e ???st? p??
  a???e? st? MSC
• Visitor Location Register (VLR) ßas? ded?µe???
  ?p?? ?ata??afeta? t? ?e?? t?? ep?s?ept??
  ???st?? st?? ep???ate?a t?? MSC
• S??deeta? µe a????? MSCs
• S??deeta? µe t? PSTN (traditional telephone
  network- ????? t??ef????? d??t??)
• ??a ?a?a?? t???a??st?? se ?a?e ?e??
  ???s?µ?p??e?ta? ??a µetad?s? p????f?????
  s?µat?d?s?a? µeta?? BS ?a? ???st??
• Mobile-to-BS Tes?, e?a??? e?e???µe??? ???s??,
  apa?t?s? se e?se???µe??
• BS-to-Mobile ta?t?t?ta ?e????, e?d?p???s? ??a
  e?se???µe?? ???s?, a?a?e?s? ?as??

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?p?????sµ?? ????t???t?ta?

• ?p??et??µe ?t? ?pa????? ? ??tta?a, ?a? se ?a?e
  ??tta?? e???µe d?a?ese? k ?a?a??a (s????t?te?)
  ap? ta S d?a?es?µa. ??ta ta ? ??tta?a ?eµe ?t?
  ap?te???? µ?a s?stada (cluster). ? s????????
  a???µ?? ?a?a???? a?a s?stada e??a?
• S kN
• ? s??????? ????t???t?ta p?? pa?e???? ? s?stade?
  e??a?
• C MkN MS
• ??a s?stada µp??e? ?a a?t???afe?
• pe??ss?te?e? f??e? se µ?a pe????? a?
• ta ??tta?a ?????? µ????te?a (s?µe??ste
• ?t? st?? pe??pt?s? a?t? ? ?s??? e?p?µp??
• ?a p?epe? ?a µe???e? ?ata????a). ?ts?
• ep?t???a???µe µe?a??te?? ????t???t?ta.
• ? s??te?est?? epa?a???s?µ?p???s?? s????t?ta?
  (frequency reuse factor) e??a? ? a???µ?? ? t??
  ??tta??? se µ?a s?stada.

?7
14
?a?ade??µata s?stad??
15
?a?ade??µata s?stad??
16
?a?ade??µa

• ??a fasµa s???????? e????? 33 MHz d?at??eta? se
  e?a s?st?µa t? ?p??? ???s?µ?p??e? 2x25 kHz ??a
  p????? aµf?d??µ? (full duplex) ep????????a
  (d??., ?a?e ?a?a?? ep????????a? e?e? e???? 50
  kHz). ????? e??a? ? a???µ?? t?? ?a?a???? a?a
  ??tta????
• ? a???µ?? ?a?a???? t?? s?st?µat?? e??a?
• 33.000 KHz / 50 kHz 660 ?a?a??a
• ?. G?a epa?a???s?µ?p???s? µe ?4 e???µe
• 660/4 165
  ?a?a??a / ??tta??
• ?. G?a epa?a???s?µ?p???s? µe ?7 e???µe
• 660/7 95
  ?a?a??a / ??tta??
• ?p??este t??a ?t? 1 MHz fasµat?? ap? ta 33 MHz
  d?at??eta? ??a ?a?a??a e?e????. ?a?e ?a?a??
  e?e???? e?e? e???? ep?s?? 50 kHz. ? a???µ??
  ?a?a???? f???? e??a? 32.000 kHz/ 50 kHz 640
  ?a?a??a
• ?. G?a ?4 e???µe
• 640/4 160 ?a?a??a f????
  5 ?a?a??a e?e???? / ??tta??
• ?. G?a ?7 e???µe
• 640/7 91 ?a?a??a f???? 3 ?a?a??a e?e????
  / ??tta??

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Ge?µet??a ???e??e?d?? S?st?µat??

• ?? p?a??? s?st?µa s??teta?µe???
• t?? ???e??e?d??? ?e?µet??a?
• ???a? e?a ß????? s?st?µa s??teta?µe??? (u,v)
  ???ada ap?stas?? ?ata µ???? t?? a?????
  ?p?? R ? a?t??a t?? ?a?e ??tta???.
• ?? ?e?t?? ?a?e ??tta??? e?e? s??teta?µe?e? e?a
  ?e???? a?e?a??? a???µ??.
• ? ap?stas? t?? ?e?t??? ?e?t?????? ??tta??? e??a?
  1 µ??ada

2R
h
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?p?stas? µeta?? s?µe???

• Te???µa St? p?a??? s?st?µa s??teta?µe??? (u,v) ?
  ap?stas? µeta?? d?? s?µe??? (u1,v1) ?a? (u2,v2)
  d?deta? ap? t?? t?p?
• ?p?de??? st? ep?µe?? slide
• ?fa?µ??? a? (u1,v1) (0,0) ?a? (u2,v2) (i, j)
  t?te ? ap?stas? t??? e??a?
• d12

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????µ?? ??tt???? se µ?a s?stada

• ?p??et??µe ?t? e???µe e?a ??tta?? st?? ?es? (0,
  0) ?a? e?a ??tta?? µe t? ?d?? s????? ?a?a????
  (?µ????a?a????) st?? ?es? (i,j). ??te ? ap?stas?
  D (ap?stas? epa?a???s?µ?p???s??) µeta?? t??
  ?µ????a?a????? ??tta??? e??a?
• ??a s?stada µp??e? ?a
• pa?asta?e? µe e?a e?a???? a?t??a? RC.
• ? ap?stas? µeta?? t?? ?e?t???
• t?? s?stad?? e??a?
• ? a?t??a Rc µ?a? s?stada? e??a?

R
R
D
RC
RC
D/2
St? s??µa, µe ?7, e??a? i2 ?a? j1 ?p?te D2
22 2 1 7 ?D(units)?7 (R?3)?7 ?D R ? 3x7
D/2RC ?3/2
21

• H ep?fa?e?a e??? e?a????? a?t??a? R e???s?eta?
  ?? e???
• ?p?fa?e?a t?? t???????
• ?p?fa?e?a t?? e?a?????
• ? a???µ?? t?? ??tta??? se µ?a s?stada
• ?ata s??epe?a ?? d??ate? t?µe? t?? ? e??a? 3,
  4, 7, 9, 12 ?.?.p. ??a ap?stas? ?µ????a?a?????
  ??tta??? (i,j) (1,1), (0,2) (1,2), (0,3), (1,3)

22

• ?p?µe??? ? ????? q t?? ap?stas?? t??
  ?µ????a?a????? ??tta??? ?? p??? t?? a?t??a t??
  ??tta??? e??a?

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S???a?a???? pa?eµß??? ?a? pa?eµß??? ?e?t??????
?a?a????

• S???a?a???? pa?eµß??? (co-channel interference
  CCI) e??a? ? pa?eµß??? ap? ???ste? ?a? t?? ?.S.
  e??? ??tta??? µe t?? ?d?e? s????t?te?.
• ?a?eµß??? ?e?t?????? ?a?a???? (adjacent channel
  interference - ACI) e??a? ? pa?eµß??? ap? ??tta??
  p?? ???s?µ?p??e? s????t?ta
• ?e?t????? (st? fasµa) µe e?e??? p??
  ???s?µ?p????µe.

24
S???a?a???? pa?eµß??? (co-channel interference)
?a? ????t???t?ta s?st?µat??

• ? s?µat?????ß??? s?es? ( o ????? s?µat?? p???
  ????ß? ?a? pa?eµß??e? - SNR) µ?a? ?e???? µp??e?
  ?a ße?t???e? a? a????e? ? ?s??? e?p?µp??.
• Ost?s?, a? a????e? ? ?s??? e?p?µp?? ???? t??
  ???st?? ? ????? s?µat?? p??? pa?eµß???
  (signal-to-interference ratio - SIR) de? µp??e?
  ?a ße?t???e?.
• G?a ?a ße?t???e? ? SIR, p?epe? ?a a????e? ?
  ap?stas? µeta?? s???a?a????? ?e???? d??ad? ?
  ????? q D/R ?3? ?a? ep?µe??? ? a???µ?? t??
  ??tta??? se µ?a s?stada (? s??te?est??
  epa?a???s?µ?p???s?? ?)
• G?a e?a?????? ?e?µet??a
• ????? q D/R s?µa??e? µe?a?? ????t???t?ta a?a
  ??tta?? (µ????? a???µ?? ??tta??? N a?a s?stada).

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?19, (i3, j2)
j
i
26
?p?????sµ?? ????? s?µat?? p??? pa?eµß??? ??a
s???a?a???? pa?eµß???

• ????? s?µat?? p??? pa?eµß???
• (Signal-to-interference ratio SIR)
• S e??a? ? ?s??? t?? ep???µ?t?? s?µat?? ?a? Ik
  e??a? ? ?s??? µ?a? pa?eµß????.
• ??daµe ?t? ? ?s??? t?? s?µat?? S se ap?stas? d
  ap? µ?a p??? e??a?
• ?p?? n e??et?? ap??e??? d?ad?s??
  ?a?a???? (n3 ? n4)

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• ?ts? µp????µe ?a e?f?as??µe t?? SIR st?? sta?µ?
  ßas?? t?? ?e?t????? ??tta??? s??a?t?se? t??
  ap?stase??
• ?p?? ? pa????µast?? a?afe?eta? st??? ???ste? se
  
• ??tta?a ?e?t?????? s?stad?? p?? ???s?µ?p????? t?
  ?d?? ?a?a??.
• ?? DkD e??a? ? ap?stas? µeta?? t?? ?e?t??? t??
  ??tta???, t?te
• ?a?at????µe ?t? ? C/I ße?t???eta? µe t?? a???s?
  t?? N.
• ?? AMPS apa?te? C/I 18dB ( 101.8 63 f??e?)
• G?a n 4, ? s??te?est?? reuse t?? AMPS e??a? N
  7.
• ?? ?e???s??µe t??a t?? p?? d?sµe?? pe??pt?s? ??a
  µ?a s?stada µe?e???? N 7. ?? ????t? e??a? st??
  pe??fe?e?a t?? ??tta??? ?p?? e??p??ete?ta?. Ta
  ?p?????s??µe t?? ???? C/I sa? s??a?t?s? t??
  p?a?µat???? ap?stase??.

Carrier to interference
28
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?p?????sµ?? d?sµe?este??? pe??pt?s??
? ????? fe???t??p???-pa?eµß??? ??a t?? ?e???te??
pe??pt?s? e??a? ?st? n 4 ?a? D/R q, ?e
reuse N 7, e???µe ?p????????µe t? C/I ?a?
e???µe C/I 17.3 dB (50 f??e?) G?a e?a s?st?µa
AMPS µe ?e?a?a ???????? ?a?????
(omni-directional), t? N 7 de? e??a?
??a??p???t???. ??e?a??µaste ?9 (? aµes??
µe?a??te?? s?stada). ??te q 5.2 ?a? C/I 19.8
dB
31
S?es? t?? C/I ?a? t?? s??te?est?
epa?a???s?µ?p???s?? ?
n3.5
??ass??? ?a???? 4/12 D/R v3N
32
???ß??µa ?? C/Imin 15 dB, p???? e??a? ?
s??te?est?? epa?a???s?µ?p???s?? ??a n 4 ?a? n
3 (a) n 4, N 7 ??a t? N 7 µp??e?
?a ???s?µ?p????e? (b) n 3, N 7
33
?e??d?? ?ata??µ?? ?a?a????

• ?pa????? d?? te????e? ?ata??µ?? t?? ?a?a????
• ? stat??? ?a?
• ? d??aµ???.
• ? µe??d?? ?ata??µ?? ep??e??e? t?? µetap?µp?
• 1. Stat??? (Fixed) ?a?e ??tta?? e?e? ta d??a
  t?? ?a?a??a. Mp??e? ?a ???s?µ?p???se? µ??? ta
  ?a?a??a p?? t?? a??????.
• 2. Stat??? µe ep?t?e?? da?e?sµ?? ?a?a???? ?p?
  t?? ep?pte?a e??? ?e?t??? e?e???? (mobile
  switching center MSC).
• 3. ??te??? d??aµ??? p??sfe?e? µe??st? e?e????a
  st?? ?e???sµ? t?? ?a?a????. ?a ?a?a??a de?
  ?ata?eµ??ta? ep? µ???µ?? ßase??. ?ata?eµ??ta? ap?
  t? MSC s?µf??a µe t?? a?t?se?? e??p??et?s??. ??a
  ?a?a?? e??a? d?a?es?µ? µ??? a? de?
  ???s?µ?p??e?ta? se µ?a s?stada µetap?µp??.

34
?etap?µp? (Handoff)

• ?etap?µp? (HANDOFF) ? d?ad??as?a µetaf??a? µ?a?
  ???s?? ap? t?? d??a??d?s?a e??? sta?µ?? ßas?? se
  e??? a????.
• ? µetap?µp? d??e? p??te?a??t?ta st?? e? e?e???e?
  ???se??.
• ? µetap?µp? p?epe? ?a e?te?e?ta? ?s? t? d??at??
  p?? spa??a.
• ? µetap?µp? ?e???a ?ta? ? ?s??? t?? ?aµßa??µe???
  s?µat?? p??s?ase? se µ?a p???a????sµ??? t?µ? pa??
  ap? t? e?a??st? e?µeta??e?s?µ? s?µa ?????.
• ?s??? µetap?µp?? ?s???
  e?µeta??e?s?µ? ?
• ?p?? ?s???
  e?µeta??e?s?µ? -90 to -100 dBm.
• ?? t? ? e??a? p??? µe?a?? gt ???d???? µ?
  apa?a?t?t?? µetap?µp??
• ?? t? ? e??a? p??? µ???? gt ???d???? ap??e?a? t??
  ???s??

?at?f?? µetap?µp?? ??a??st? ???s?µ? s?µa
?s??? ?aµßa??µ???? s?µat??
?
????s? ????t??
35

• ??epe? ?a e?asfa??s?e? ?t? ? pt?s? t?? ?s???? t??
  s?µat?? de? ?fe??eta? se d?a?e??e??. ??t?
  s??epa?eta? t?? a?a??? d?a????? pa?a???????s??
  t?? ?s????.
• Sta s?st?µata 1?? ?e??a?, ?a?e BS pa?a????????se
  t?? ?s?? ???? t?? ????t??( MS).
• ?s??? ??de??? e?tas?? ?ad?? s?µat??
  (radio signal strength indication - RSSI)
• ??t?? ap? t?? pa?a???????s? t?? RSSI µ?a?
  ???se?? e? e?e???e?, de?te? e?t?p?sµ?? sta
  ?e?t????a ??tta?a pa?a????????sa? t?? e?tas? t??
  s?µat??. ??? a?t? ? p????f???a d???ete??ta? st?
  MSC, t? ?p??? ap?fas??e ??a t? p?te ?a ???e? t?
  handoff.
• Sta s?st?µata 2?? ?e??a? e???µe µetap?µp?
  ?p?ß?????µe?? ap? t? ????t? (mobile assisted
  handoff - MAHO).
• ?? ????t? µet?a ?a? a?t? t?? ?s?? t?? BS.
• ? µetap?µp? ???eta? ?ta? e?a? ?e?t?????? BS e??a?
  ?s????te???.
• ??t? ? ?ata?eµ?µe?? ?e?t?????a ß???a st??
  ap??p???s? t?? d?µ?? t?? MSC.

36

• ?etap?µp? µeta?? s?st?µat?? (intersystem handoff)
  t? ????t? ???e?ta? µeta?? ???e??e?d??
  s?st?µat?? a?a??pt??? ?eµata pe??a?????
  (roaming) and s?µßat?t?ta? (compatibility).
• G?a e?asfa??s? d?a?es?µ?? ?a?a????
• ?a?a??a asfa?e?a? (Guard channels) efed???a
  µ??? ??a µetap?µpe?.
• ???a a?aµ???? (Queuing) ?? pe??????? s?ed?as??
  ? e??a? a??eta µe?a?? ets? ?ste ?a ?pa??e?
  a??et?? ?????? µeta t?? a?t?s? µetap?µp?? p???
  ?a?e? t? s?µa.
• ?etap?µp? 1?? ?e??a? 10 seconds, ? 6 10
  dB.
• ? µetap?µp? 2?? ?e??a? (GSM) ?p?ß?????µe?? ap?
  t? ????t? e??a? ta??te?? 1 2 seconds, ? 6
  dB.
• Se ??a ta p?? pa?? pa?ade??µata e???µe s?????
  µetap?µp? (hard handoff) µe d?af??et??a ?a?a??a.
  ? µa?a?? µetap?µp? (soft handoff) e??a? µ?a
  ?d?a?te??t?ta t?? CDMA. ?p?t?epe? st?? ?s????te??
  BS ?a ?e???s?e? µ?a ???s?. ???? ?? ?S
  ???s?µ?p????? t?? ?d?e? s????t?te?, ap?a e????
  d?af??et????? ??d??e?.

37
S???a?a??s? - Trunking

• H s???a?a??s? e??a? µ?a µe??d?? pa????? p??sßas??
  se ???ste?, µeta ap? a?t?s? t???, ap? µ?a
  de?aµe?? d?a?es?µ?? ?a?a???? (p?? e??a? ?µ?? p???
  ????te?a ap? t??? p??a???? ???ste?)
• ?e t?? s???a?a??s?, e?a? µ????? a???µ?? ?a?a????
  µp??e? ?a e??p??et?se? e?a µe?a?? p????? ???st??.
  
• ?? t??ef????e? eta??e?e? ???s?µ?p????? t?? ?e???a
  t?? s???a?a??s?? ??a ?a ?a????s??? t?? a???µ? t??
  ?????µat?? p?? p?epe? ?a ft????? se e?a ?t????.
• ? ?e???a t?? s???a?a??s?? d?e?e??a p?? e?a?
  pe?????sµe??? a???µ?? ?????µat?? µp??e? ?a
  e??p??et?se? e?a? µe?a?? a???µ? ???st??.

38
???sµ??

• ? e?tas? t?? ????s?? (Traffic intensity)
  µet??eta? µe Erlangs
• ??a Erlang ????s? e??? ?a?a???? p?????
  ?ate???µµ????
• (p.?. ??a ??a ???s?? / ??a, 1 ?ept? ???s??/?ept?)
• 0.5 Erlang, ????s? e??? ?a?a???? ?ate???µµ????
  ??a 30 ?epta µesa se µ?a ??a.
• ?a?µ?? e??p??et?s?? (Grade of Service - GOS)
  e?a?tata? ap? t?? p??a??t?ta ?a µp???a??ste? µ?a
  ???s?.
• ?????? e??atastas?? (Set-Up Time) ? ?????? µe???
  t?? d?a?es? e??? ?a?a????.
• F?a?µe?? ???s? (Blocked Call) ???s? p??
  ap????pteta?
• ?????? S????at?s?? (Holding Time) (H) µes?
  d?a??e?a µ?a? t?p???? ???s??. (??e? /???s? ?
  secs/???s?)
• F??t?? (Load) ??tas? ????s?? se ??? t? s?st?µa.
• ???µ?? af???? ???se?? (Request Rate) (?) µes??
  a???µ?? ???se?? a?a µ??ada ??????. (???se??/ ??a
  ? ???se??/sec)

39
?a?a?t???st??a t?? ????s?? t?? ????t?? t??ef???a?

• ?? ???ste? t?? ????t?? t??ef???a? d?µ????????
  µes? ????s? 25-35 mE ?ata t?? d?a??e?a t?? ????
  a??µ??
• ?? ??e? a??µ?? ?ta? pa?ad?s?a?a ap? 10pµ e?? 12pµ
  ?a? ap? 1µµ e?? 3µµ
• ?µ?? ?? s????e?e? t?? ???st?? a??a????
• ?? pa?ad?s?a??? s??d??µ?te? de? e??a? p?e??
  µ??? ?pa?????? e? ????se? p?? ?a???? t??ef???µata
  ?ata t?? ??e? e??as?a?
• ?a ????ta ?????ta? p?e?? p??? d?µ?f??? ??a
  p??s?p??? ???s?
• ?? ??e? a??µ?? µetat?p?st??a? st?? ??e?
  µeta????s?? ap? t?? d???e?a st? sp?t? (4-7µµ).
• ?e???e? eta??e?e? pa?at????? µ?a a???
  µetat?p?s? t?? ???? a??µ??, p?? ?fe??eta? st??
  µe??µe?e? t?µe? t?? ß?ad??e? ??e? ?a? ta
  saßßat?-????a?a.
• ?a Erlangs a?a s??d??µ?t? e???? a????? a??eta

40
G?at? ??e?a?eta? ?a ?e???µe t?? ????s???

• ? ???s? t?? s???????? ????s?? ?ata t?? ??e?
  a??µ?? µa? ep?t?epe? ?a s?ed?as??µe t? wireless
  s?st?µa ??a ???sµe?? ßa?µ? e??p??et?s?? (grade of
  service GOS)
• ?? t? s?st?µa de? e?e? t?? ?ata????e? d?astase??
  ??a ?a ?p?st????e? t?? ????s?, ?? ???se?? p?????
  s??d??µ?t?? ?a ap????f????
• ? ßa?µ?? e??p??et?s?? (GOS) e??a? ? p??a??t?ta
  ap??????? µ?a? ???s?? ?ata t?? ??e? a??µ??
• Se e?a wireless s?st?µa, ? s?ed?ast???? st????
  e??a? s?????? GOS 2 (0.02), ? ????te??. ???a?
  1 ? ????te?? e?? t? as??µat? s?st?µa p??spa?e?
  ?a a?ta????s?e? e?a e?s??µat? s?st?µa.
• ?? p??a?e? ????s?? µa? ep?t?ep??? ?a ß???µe p?sa
  ?a?a??a ??e?a???ta? ??a e?a? e?a??st? GOS

41
?a?a??µe?? ????s?

• ?a?e ???st?? pa?a?e? ????s?.
• ? ????s? a?a ???st? e??a? A? ?H? ?p?? µ
  ?e??a? ? ???µ?? af???? ???se?? ?a? H e??a? ?
  ?????? s????at?s??.
• G?a U ???ste? t? f??t?? e??a? A UA?
• ?? t? f??t?? ?f?stata? s???a?a??s? se C ?a?a??a,
  t?te ? e?tas? t?? ????s?? a?a ?a?a?? e??a? Ac
  UA? /C

?a?ade??µa ?e????µe 100 ???ste? µe t?? e???
s????e?e?
?? 100 ???ste? pa?a???? ????s? 3.5 E gt 35 mE
a?a ???st?
42
???a?e? ????s??

• Sta ???e??e?d? s?st?µata µp????? ?a
  ???s?µ?p??????? 3 t?p?? p??a??? ????s??

?? p??a?e? p??e????ta? ap? p??a??-?e???t??e?
s?ese?? ?p?? ? p?? ?at? ??a t?? p??a?a ERLANG B

C s???????? a???µ?? ?a?a????
?
s??????? e?tas? ????s?? PB p??a??t?ta
ap??????? ???s??
43
? p??a?a? ERLANG B

• O p??a?a? Erlang B ???s?µ?p??e?ta? ?ata ?????
  ???? sta as??µata t??ef????a s?st?µata
• ?a pe??ss?te?a s?st?µata de? ?et??? se a?aµ???
  t?? ???se?? ?ta? de? µp????? ?a t?? e??p??et?s???
  (blocked calls), ?a? a? e?a??es??µe µe??????
  ???ste? p?? ?a???? epa?e???µµ??e? ap?pe??e? ?a
  p?as??? ??aµµ?, ? ????s? p??se????eta? ?a??te?a
  µe t?? t?p? Erlang B

?a?ade??µa ??sa ?a?a??a apa?- t???ta? ??a t??
e??p??et?s? 100 s??d??µ?t?? µe GOS .01 (1) a? ?
µes? ????s? a?a ???st? e??a? 30 mE? ???s?
p??a?a 100x30mE 3 Erlangs 3 Erlangs _at_ 1 GOS
gt 8 channels
On-line p??a?e? Erlang B http//www.owenduffy.c
om.au/electronics/erlangb.htmmodelcalculator http
//mmc.et.tudelft.nl/frits/Erlang.htm
44
(No Transcript)
45
(No Transcript)
46
?a?ade??µa 1
Te???µe GOS 0.5. ??s?? ???ste? µp????? ?a
e??p??et????? se e?a s?st?µa p?? ?a?a???e? t??
µp???a??sµe?e? ???se?? ?a? e?e? C 5 ?a?a??a?
?a?e ???st?? pa?a?e? ????s? 0.1 Erlangs. ?p?
t?? ?a?t?, µe GOS0.005 ?a? µe ?a?a??a C 5
p????pte? A (????t???t?ta se Erlangs)
1.13 gt U A/A? 1.13/0.1 11 ???ste?
47
?a?ade??µa 2
??a ast??? pe????? e?e? U 2 e?at. ?at??????.
???a a?ta????st??a s?st?µata ???e??e?d???
t??ef???a? e??p??et??? t?? pe????? ??
s?st?µa A e?e? 394 ??tta?a x 19 ?a?a??a.
(7486 ?a?a??a) ?? s?st?µa B e?e? 98
??tta?a x 57 ?a?a??a. (5586 ?a?a??a) ??
s?st?µa C e?e? 49 ??tta?a x 100 ?a?a??a.
(4900 ?a?a??a) G?a ?a?e ???st? ? ? 2
???se??/hr, H 3min, GOS 2 ap??????. ?a
ß?e?e? ? a???µ?? t?? s??d??µ?t?? p?? µp??e? ?a
e??p??et?se? ?a?e s?st?µa.
S?st?µa A ????s? a?a ???st? A? ?H 2 x
3/60 0.1 Erlangs. ?p? t?? ?aµp??? ??a GOS
0.02 ?a? C 19 gt A 12 Erlangs ??a ??tta??
e??p??et???ta? U A/A? 12/0.1 120
???ste? 120 ???ste?/??tta?? x 394 ??tta?a 47280
e??p??et??µe??? ???ste?. ?µp????? d?e?sd?s?
2.36. ???ste?/?a?a?? 47280/7486 6.13
48
?a?ade??µa 2 (s??e?e?a)
S?st?µa B ???a??t?ta µp???a??sµat?? 2
0.02 C 57, A? ?H 2 x 3/60 0.1
Erlangs. ?p? t?? ?a?t?, A 45 Erlangs ??a
??tta?? U A/A? 45/0.1 450 ???ste? 450
???ste?/??tta?? x 98 ??tta?a 44100. ?µp?????
d?e?sd?s? 2.205. ???ste?/?a?a?? 44100/5586
7.9
S?st?µa C ???a??t?ta µp???a??sµat?? 2
0.02 C 100, A? ?H 2 x 3/60 0.1
Erlangs. ?p? t?? ?a?t?, A 88 Erlangs. ??a
??tta?? U A/A? 88/0.1 880 ???ste? 880
???ste?/??tta?? x 49 ??tta?a 43120. ?µp?????
d?e?sd?s? 2.156. ???ste?/?a?a?? 43120/4900
8.8
49
?a?ade??µa 2 (s??e?e?a)
S???????? a???µ?? e??p??et??µe??? ???st??
47280 44100 43120 134500 users. S?????
?a?a???? 748655864900 17976 S???????
eµp????? d?e?sd?s? ?a? ??a ta 3 s?st?µata 6.725
50
???te?? Erlang C- ???a a?aµ???? ??a t??
µp???a??sµe?e? ???se??

• ??a? a???? t?p?? s???a?a??µe??? s?st?µat?? ßa?e?
  se ???a a?aµ???? t?? µp???a??sµe?e? ???se??
  (Blocked Calls Delayed). ?? s?st?µa a?t?
  pe????afeta? µe t? µ??te?? ERLANG C.
• ??ad??as?a ?p?????sµ??
• ?a???????µe ap? t?? ?a?t? t?? Pr?? gt 0
  ???a??t?ta ?a??ste??s??.
• 2) Pr?? gt t ?? gt 0 ???a??t?ta ?t? ?
  ?a??ste??s? e??a? µe?a??te?? ap? t, d??e?t?? ?t?
  ?pa??e? ?a??ste??s?
• Pr?? gt t ?? gt 0 exp-(C-A)t /H
• 3) ??e? ???? p??a??t?ta t?? ?? gt t
• Pr?? gt t Pr?? gt 0 Pr?? gt t ?? gt
  0
• 4) ?es?? ?????? ?a??st???s?? D Pr??gt 0 H /
  (C-A)

? ?a?t?? ?atas?e?a?eta? µe t?? ß???e?a t?? s?es??
51
Erlang C Model
52
?a?ade??µa 3- Erlang C
??a e?a?????? ??tta?? e??? s?st?µat?? µe 4
??tta?a e?e? a?t??a 1.387 km. ? s????????
a???µ?? ?a?a???? st? s?st?µa 60. F??t?? a?a
???st? (A?) 0.029 Erlangs, ? 1 ???s?/??a. ??
s?st?µa e??a? Erlang C µe GOS (p??a??t?ta
?a??ste??s??) 5. ? ep?fa?e?a t?? ??tta???
e??a? (3/2) v3 x 1.3872 5 sq km. ????µ??
??tta???/s?stada 4. ????µ?? ?a?a???? 60.
gt a???µ?? ?a?a????/??tta?? 60/4 15
?a?a??a. a) ?p? t?? ?a?t? Erlang C , GOS 0.05,
C 15 gt A 8.8 Erlangs. ????µ?? ???st??
s??????? ????s?/ ????s? e??? ???st? gt U A / A?
8.8/0.029303 ???ste?. ???ste? a?a km2
303/5 60 users/sq km.
53
?a?ade??µa 3- Erlang C (s??e?e?a)
b) H A? / ? ? 0.029 hour 104.4
seconds. Pr (delay gt 10 sec delaygtt)
exp-(C-A)t /H exp(-(15-8.8)10/104.4)
0.5522 52.22 c) Pr (delay gt 10) Pr
(delay gt 0) Pr (delay gt 10 delaygtt)
0.05 x 0.5522 2.76 .
54
?p?d?as? t?? t??p?? ?µad?p???s?? t?? ?a?a????

• ? t??p?? ?µad?p???s?? t?? ?a?a???? ep???ea?e? t??
  a???µ? t?? ???st?? p?? µp????? ?a e??p??et?????
  ap? t? s?st?µa.
• G?a pa?ade??µa (Erlang B)
• G?a GOS 0.01 ?a? C 10 gt A 4.46 Erlangs.
• ?st?sa? 2 ?µade? µe C 5 gt A 1.36 x 2 2.72
  Erlangs.
• ? t??p?? ?ata??µ?? ?a?a???? e??a? ep?µe???
  ???s?µ?? ??a t?? ep?d?se?? t?? s?st?µat??.
• O ?d??? a???µ?? ?a?a???? e??p??ete? ????te????
  ???ste? a? ????s?e? se ?µade? (t?s? ????te????
  ?s? pe??ss?te?e? e??a? ?? ?µade?)

55
?e?t??s? t?? ????t???t?ta? ???e??e?d??? s?st?µat??

• ?? ??st?? e??? ???e??e?d??? s?st?µat?? e??a?
  a?a???? t?? a???µ?? t?? sta?µ?? ßas?? (BSs). ?a
  es?da e??a? a?a???a t?? a???µ?? s??d??µ?t??.
• ???p?? a???s?? ????t???t?ta?
• ?e? fasµa a???ß? ??s?. ?? ???e? s????t?t?? ??a
  ????t? t??ef???a e???? p?????e? (st?? ??? ??a
  20B).
• ????te?t????e? p??se???se?? d?a??es? ??tta???,
  t?µe?-
• p???s? ??tta???, d?aµe??s?
  epa?a???s?µ?p???s?? (reuse partitioning), ???e?
  µ??????tta???.
• ???aµ???? ?ataµe??sµ?? ?a?a???? s?µf??a µe t?
  f??t?? se ?a?e ??tta?? (µ?-?µ???µ??f? ?ata??µ?
  s????t?t??)
• ?e?t??s? t?? te????????? p??sßas??.

56
?p?d?as? t?? µe?e???? t?? ?e????

• Cell Sizes Decrease with Growth of System
• Macro-cellular 1 - 30 km
• Micro-cellular 200 - 2000 m
• Pico-cellular 4 - 200 meter
• The effect of decreasing cell size
• Increased user capacity
• Increased number of handovers per call
• Increased complexity in locating the
  subscriber
• Lower power consumption in mobile terminal
• Longer talk time,
• Safer operation
• Different propagation environment, shorter
  delay spreads
• Different cell layout,
• lower path loss exponent, more interference
• cells follow street pattern
• more difficult to predict and plan
• more flexible, self-organizing system needed
  (cf. DECT vs. GSM)

57
1,000 Km
100 Km
10 Km
1 Km
100 m
10 m
1 m
58
??a??es? ??tta???

• ? ????t???t?ta µp??e? ?a a????e? µe d?a??es? t??
  ??tta??? ? µe ße?t??s? t?? s??te?est?
  epa?a???s?µ?p???s??.
• ??a??es? ??tta??? (Cell splitting) e??a? ?
  ?p?d?a??es? t?? ??tta??? se µ????te?a ??tta?a.
  ??t? a??a?e? t?? a???µ? t?? f???? p??
  epa?a???s?µ?p?????ta? ta ?a?a??a. G?a pa?ade??µa,
  µe??s? t?? a?t??a? st? ½ a??a?e? t?? a???µ? t??
  ??tta??? 4 f??e? (?p?d?a??es? se 4 ??tta?a).
• G?a ?a µ?? d?ata?a??e? ? ?s????p?a t?? s?st?µat??
  ?a? ??a ?a d?at????e? ? t?µ? t?? ????? s?µat??
  p??? pa?eµß??? C/I, p?epe? ?a e?att??e? ? ?s???
  e?p?µp??.
• ?s??? st? s????? t?? pa?a??? ??tta??? ?
  Pt1R-n
• ?s??? st? s????? t?? ?e?? ??tta??? ?
  Pt2(R/2)-n
• ? ?s??? ???e?? p?epe? ?a e??a? ?s? ??a ?a e???µe
  t?? ?d?e? ep?d?se?? gt Pt2 Pt1/2n. G?a n4,
  gt Pt2 Pt1 / 16.

59
?p?d?a??es? ??tt????
60
?a?ade??µa d?a??es?? ??tta???
St? p?? ?at? s??µa ?? BS e??a? st?? t?e?? ????e?
?a?e ??tta??? (t?µe?p???s?). ? BS ? e?e? p???
µe?a?? ????s? ?a? ???a?t? p?a?s???eta? ap? 6
?e??? BSs, st??? ?p????? d?a?eµ??ta? ta ?a?a??a
µe t? t??p? p?? fa??eta? st? s??µa. ?ts? ? ?e??
BS µe t? s?µß??? G t?p??ete?ta? a???ß?? st?
µes?? t?? d?? pa?a??? BS µe t? ?d?? ???µa ?a?
e?e? t? ?d?? set s????t?t??.
61
?p??a???? (de?te?? ?e??) ??tta???cell overlay

• ?a ?a?a??a t?? A d?a?????ta? sta
• ?a?a??a p?? ???s?µ?p?????ta? ap? t? a a?ta
  ???s?µ?p?????ta? st? ? ??a ???ste? se ap?stas?
  e?? R/2 ap? t? ?e?t?? (BS).
• ?a?a??a p?? de? ???s?µ?p?????ta? ap? t? a de?
  ?pa????? pe?????sµ?? st?? ???s? t??? st? ?

62
?pa?a???s?µ?p???s? s????t?t?? ?a? t?µe?p???s?
(sectorization)
?e t?? epa?a???s?µ?p???s? s????t?t?? (? ??d????
??a t? CDMA) a??a???µe t?? ????t???t?ta ????? ?a
??e?a??µaste ?a???????? fasµa s????t?t??. ?e t??
d?a??es? t?? ??tta??? se t?µe?? (sectors
sectorization) µp????µe ?a a???s??µe a??µa
pe??ss?te?? t?? ????t???t?ta
63
???fe? ?e????

• ?????a, ta ??tta?a e??a? e?a?????? s??µa ?a? ?
  ?a???? t??
• sta?µ?? ßas?? ?ta? pa??ate????t???
  (omni-directional) (?)
• ?e t?? efa?µ??? t?? tµ?µat?p???s??, ta ??tta?a
  pa?????? s??µa
• ??µß?? (?)
• ?????? s?ed?aste?, ?µ??, p??t?µ??? ?a d???e????
  µe ??tta?a
• e?a??????? s??µat?? (C).

64
?a?ade??µa ?ata??µ?? s????t?t??
65
?p?d?as? t?? t?µe?p???s??

• ?p? ta 6 s???a?a???a cells µ??? ta 2 e????
  ep?d?as?

5
66
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67
??µe?p???s? ??tta???

• ??µe?p???s? ??tta??? (sectoring) ???a? t??p??
  µe??s?? t?? pa?eµß???? ap? ?µ????a?a???a
  ??tta?a. ? t?µe?p???s? a?afe?eta? st?? ???s?
  ?ate????t???? ?e?a??? a?t? ?s?t??p????. ??e??
  (3) t?µe?? t?? 1200 fa????ta? st? pa?ade??µa
• ??a??s? ?? ????t? st? ?e?t???? ??tta?? ?a
  ?p?ste? pa?eµß??? ap? d?? µ??? ??tta?a (?a? ???
  ap? 6). ??t? ße?t???e? t?? ???? C/I ?ata 5dB
  pe??p??. ??t? µa? ep?t?epe? t?? e?att?s? t??
  s??te?est? epa?a???s?µ?p???s?? ( µe??s? t?? BS).
  ? t?µe?p???s? ?µ?? s??epa?eta? µe??µe?? ap?d?s?
  t?? s???a?a??s??.

68

• ?a??de??µa
• ?e ?s?t??p??e? ?e?a?e?
• ?d? ?p??esaµe ?t? ? e??et?? ap?sßes?? e??a? n
  4.
• G?a N 4, e???µe SIR C/I 24 13.8 dB.
• ?e t?e?? t?µe?? a?a ??tta?? (t?µe?p???s?)
• G?a ? 4, e???µe SIR C/I 72 18.6 dB

69
??e???µe?e? te????e? epa?a???s?µ?p???s??
?e d??at?t?te? ?p?? a?ap?d?s? s????t?ta?, e?e???
?s????, ?a? d?a??pt?µe?? e?p?µp?, t? s?st?µa GSM
/EDGE µp??e? ?a ???s?µ?p???se? p?? apa?t?t??e?
a??a ap?d?t??e? te????e? epa?a???s?µ?p???s??,
?p?? ?? p?? ?at?.
1/3 ?a? 1/1
?e?a?? ??tta?? µe 1/3 reuse ? ?????
??tta?? µe 1/1 reuse
? 3/9 reuse 3 ??tta?a 3 t?µe??/??tta??
70
?a?ade??µa
??deta? H 2 min (d?a??e?a ???s??), GOS
1, N 7, C 395 ?a?a??a/s?stada. ??t?
s?µa??e? 395/7 57 ?a?a??a /??tta??.
?p???a??sµa ???se?? ?ata t? µ??te?? Erlang B.
G?a e?a s?st?µa ????? t?µe?p???s? µe GOS 0.01
?a? 57 ?a?a??a gt A 45 Erlang. A ?H
gt ?e t?µe?p???s? 1200, 57/3 19 ?a?a??a
a?a t?µea a?a ??tta??. ?p? t?? ?a?t? Erlang B µe
GOS 0.01 ?a? 19 ?a?a??a e???µe gt A 11
Erlang, ?a? ??a t??? 3 t?µe??, 33 Erlangs a?a
??tta??. ? ? 33 x 30 990 ???se??/hr. ?ts?
ep?t???a???µe ße?t??s? t?? SIR C/I a??a e??
ßa??? t?? ap?d?s?? t?? s???a?a??s??
71
?e????e? ?ata??µ?? ?a?a????

• G?a ?a e??a? e??a??st?µe??? e?a? ???st??, p?epe?
  ?a t?? d?deta? e?a ?a?a?? µ???? t? ??t?se?.
• ??a ap?de?t? p??a??t?ta µ? ap?d???? ???s?? (call
  blocking, grade of service - GOS) e??a? 2.
• ? GOS µetaß???eta? µe t?? ????? ?a? t??
  t?p??es?a.
• ? st???? e??a? ?a d?at????e? ?µ???µ??f? GOS se
  ??? t? s?st?µa.
• ?pa????? t?e?? t?p?? a??????µ?? ??a d?a?es?
  ?a?a????
• Fixed channel allocation (FCA)- Stat??? d?a?es?
  ?a?a????
• Dynamic channel allocation (DCA) d??aµ???
  d?a?es? ?a?a????
• Channel borrowing da?e?sµ?? ?a?a????

72
Stat??? ?ata??µ? ?a?a????

• ?? d?a?es?µ? fasµa e??a? W Hz ?a? ?a?e ?a?a??
  ?ata?aµßa?e? B Hz. ? s???????? a???µ?? t??
  ?a?a???? e??a?
• Nc W/B
• G?a s?stada µe?e???? N, ? a???µ?? t?? ?a?a????
  a?a ??tta?? e??a?
• Cc Nc /N
• G?a e?a??st?p???s? t?? pa?eµß???? (ACI- adjacent
  channel interference), ?e?t????a ?a?a??a
  d?at??e?ta? se d?af??et??a ??tta?a.

73
Stat??? ?ata??µ? ?a?a???? (FCA)

• ? FCA e??a? ? ße?t?st? µe??d?? ?ata??µ?? ?a?a????
  ??a ?µ???µ??f? ????s? se ??a ta ??tta?a.
• ??a µ? ?µ???µ??f? FCA st?at?????, e??a? a??µa
  p?? ap?te?esµat??? a? e??a? d??at?? ?a
  d?ap?st??e? ? ßa?µ?? e??p??et?s?? (GOS) se
  p?a?µat??? ????? ?a? ?a ???µ?s?e? ? d?a?es? t??
  ?a?a???? s?µf??a µ a?t??. ??t? apa?te? t??
  ???s?µ?p?p???s? p???p????? a??????µ?? ?ata?oµ??
  ?a?a????.

74
?a?e?sµ?? ?a?a????

• G??eta? da?e?sµ?? s????t?t?? ap? ??tta?a µ?????
  ?????f???a? se ??tta?a µe µe?a?? ?????f???a.
• ???s?????? da?e?sµ?? ?a?a???? ?? ?a?a??
  ep?st?efe? µ???? pe?at??e? ? s?et??? ???s?.
• ?? t? ??tta?? ? da?e?s?e? ?a?a??a ap? t? ??tta??
  D, ta ?e?t????a ??tta?a D de? µp????? ?a
  ???s?µ?p???s??? a?ta ta ?a?a??a

75
???aµ??? ?ata??µ? ?a?a????

• ??a ta ?a?a??a µpa????? se µ?a ????? de?aµe??,
  ?a? d?at??e?ta? st?? ?ee? ???se?? s?µf??a µe e?a
  s?ed?? epa?a???s?µ?p???s??. ?? ?a?a?? ep?st?efe?
  st?? de?aµe?? µ???? pe?at??e? ? ???s?.
• ?? ?eµata ta s?et??a µe t?? d?a?es? t?? ?a?a????
  ap?te???? a??µa a?t??e?µe?? e?e??a?