Adenine

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ATP
Section 8-1
Adenine
Ribose
3 Phosphate groups
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Adenosine Triphosphate ATP

• Chemical compound which stores energy
• Cellular Energy used to
• Break or form chemical bonds
• Change the shape of proteins
• Move molecules across plasma membrane (Active
  transport)
• Move cells (flagellum)

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Figure 8-3 Comparison of ADP and ATP to a Battery
Section 8-1
ADP
ATP
Energy
Energy
Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) Phosphate
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
Partially charged battery
Fully charged battery
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Figure 8-3 Comparison of ADP and ATP to a Battery
Section 8-1
ADP
ATP
Energy
Energy
Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) Phosphate
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
Partially charged battery
Fully charged battery
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Photosynthesis

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How did we figure out how plants work?

• Jan van Helmont
• Thought plants grew by taking material out of
  soil
• Planted a seedling in a pot of soil
• Watered daily
• After 5 years the tree gained 75 kg
• Soil mass did not change
• Figured out the -hydrate part of carbohydrate

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How did we figure out how plants work?

• Joseph Priestly
• Placed a glass jar over a lit candle
• The flame went out
• Placed a live sprig of mint under the jar
• The candle burned much longer
• Deduced that the plant produced a substance
  needed for burning (oxygen)

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How did we figure out how plants work?

• Jan Ingenhousz
• Priestlys experiment only worked in sunlight
• Deduced that sunlight is required for oxygen to
  be made by plants

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Photosynthesis Reactants and Products
Section 8-2
Light Energy
Chloroplast
CO2 H2O
Sugars O2
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Figure 8-5 Chlorophyll Light Absorption
Section 8-2
Absorption of Light by Chlorophyll a and
Chlorophyll b
Chlorophyll b
Chlorophyll a
V
B
G
Y
O
R
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Chlorophyll

• Light absorbing molecule (pigment)
• Reflects green light wavelength (thats why
  plants are green)
• Light energy excites electrons
• 2 types (a b)
• Chlorophyll a absorbs red violet wavelengths
• Chlorophyll b absorbs blue, orange, red
  wavelengths

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Chlorophyll

• Translation?  Plants under yellow green light
  will carry out photosynthesis at a lower rate
  than the same type of plant under other colors
  (blue, violet, red). 

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Inside a Chloroplast
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Chloroplast Vocabulary

• Thylakoids Photosynthetic membranes
• Grana Stacks of thylakoids
• Stroma Region outside of the thylakoid
  membranes
• Light Dependent Reactions occur within the
  thylakoids
• The Calvin cycle occurs in the stroma

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Light Dependent Reactions

• The light reactions use light water which
  produce the oxygen "waste product". 

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Light dependent reactions photolysis

• Photolysis translates as light (photo-) splits
  (-lysis)
• The light energy is used to split the water
  molecule, which produces H O- ions.

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Figure 8-7 Photosynthesis An Overview
Section 8-3
Chloroplast
Chloroplast
NADP
ADP P
Light- Dependent Reactions
Calvin Cycle
ATP
NADPH
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Figure 8-10 Light-Dependent Reactions
Section 8-3
Hydrogen Ion Movement
Chloroplast
Photosystem II
ATP synthase
Inner Thylakoid Space
Thylakoid Membrane
Stroma
Electron Transport Chain
Photosystem I
ATP Formation
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Excited electrons

• Electron transport Electrons are moved by
  carrier molecules
• Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate
• (Holds 2 high energy electrons a hydrogen ion)
• This changes the molecule to NADPH

NADP
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Hydrogen Ion Concentrations

• Hydrogen ions are pumped (via proton pump) into
  the thylakoid
• Concentration of hydrogen ions fuels the
  production of ATP from ADP as the hydrogen ions
  are sent back across the thylakoid membrane
  through an ATP synthase

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Light Dependent Reactions End-Products
Figure 8-10 Light-Dependent Reactions
Section 8-3
ADP ? ATP NADP ? NADPH
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Concept Map
Section 8-3
Photosynthesis
includes
takes place in
uses
use
take place in
to produce
to produce
of
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Calvin Cycle Light Independent Reactions or
Dark Reactions

• ATP NADPH are not stable
• Energy needs to be changed into a stable form
  for storage

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Figure 8-11 Calvin Cycle
Section 8-3
CO2 Enters the Cycle
PGA
Energy Input
RuBP
ChloropIast
5-Carbon Molecules Regenerated
PGAL
6-Carbon Sugar Produced
Sugars and other compounds
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Calvin Cycle Summary

• 6 carbon dioxide molecules bond to six 5-carbon
  molecules to produce twelve 3-carbon molecules
• ATP NADPH (from light dependent reactions) are
  used to convert twelve 3-carbon molecules into
  higher energy forms
• Two 3-carbon molecules are removed from the cycle
  and used by the plant to form compounds
• The remaining ten 3-carbon molecules are
  converted into six 5-carbon moecules which are
  used in the next cycle

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Photosynthesis Summary
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Photosynthesis Summary